The Earth Has Vast Oceans - 2050 Words

Out of the eight planets in our solar system, Earth is the only planet circling the Sun on which life as we know it could (and does) exist. Unlike any other planet, the Earth has vast oceans with millions of small islands in them, green vegetation, huge landmasses, different topographies, like the mountains, ice caps and deserts, all of which present an amazing variety of color and texture. be the extremely cold Antarctica, where hardy microscopic beings thrive in ponds, tiny wingless insects live in patches of moss and lichen, and plants grow and flower yearly or the extremely warm desert of Sahara plants such as date palms and acacia put down long roots to reach life-sustaining water or often the seeds of flowering plants sprout quickly after a rain and complete their growing cycle and producing seeds in a matter of days, before the soil dries out, one can find some form of life other in almost every ecological niche on earth. From the outer layers of the atmosphere to the deep sea beds at the bottom of the oceans and from the coldest poles to the warmest equator, life thrives here. Till date, no convincingly true evidence of life has been found on any planet. [1] While the Earth has been around for 4.6 billion years and our ancestors have been around for about six million years, the modern form of humans is claimed to have evolved only about 200,000 years ago. The present civilization it is only about six thousand years old, and the industrialization era started in fullShow MoreRelatedLife At The Bottom And Its Vast Environment1540 Words   |  7 Pagesunwind, and enjoy the cool currents and warm water. Although people are delighted with the surface of the ocean, the depth of Ocean remains a mystery. The average depth of a large body of water, such as the ocean has been recorded to be 12, 500 feet deep. Therefore making the bodies of water nearly occupy a majority of the earth space. Life at the challenger deep (which is the deepest part of the ocean) is still an uncharted subject, myths of magnificent and treacherous animal sightings such as Giant SquidsRead MoreA Short Note On The Types Of Oceans1005 Words   |  5 PagesJ’lan Scot t Oceans Mr. Cecil Due date: 11-20-15 ResearchPaper: Oceans A. Types of Oceans 1. Atlantic ocean 2. Pacific Ocean 3. Arctic ocean 4. Indian ocean 5. Southern ocean B. Types Of animals in the ocean 1. Sharks 2. Tiger Sharks 3. Dolphins 4. Sea otters 5. Whales C. Ocean Health 1. The Ocean is a very Valuable Asset; over a billion people rely on fish for their basic protein. Millions of jobs all over depend on the marine sector. A sea is an assortment of saline water thatRead MoreA Brief Note On Ocean Water And Fresh Water959 Words   |  4 Pagesof the ocean are saltier than others. This salt comes from the rocks on land. The rain that falls on the land involves dissolved carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This then makes the rainwater to be slightly acidic due to carbonic acid. As the rain wears away the rock, acids in the rainwater begin to disintegrate the rock. This process creates ions, or electrically charged atomic particles. These ions are then carried away in runoff to rivers and streams and, eventually, to the ocean. A LotRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean And How It Moderates Climate868 Words   |  4 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF OCEAN AND HOW IT MODERATES CLIMATE The ocean has existed for around 4.6 billion years after the Earth was created. It plays an essential part in order to maintain life on Earth by maintaining the habitable climate. Due to the ocean, the Earth is able to sustain moderate weather and temperature, in contrast to the moon, which has extreme temperatures. The ocean and atmosphere are tightly linked, so when one fluctuates, the other will too. For example, weather in the atmosphere canRead MoreWhy Should We Explore Jupiter’s Moon Europa?987 Words   |  4 PagesEuropa? The planet Jupiter, some 500 million miles from Earth is a very unique planet. Besides being 1200-1500 (estimates vary) times larger than the Earth, The planet Jupiter is surrounded by a small solar system by itself. The planet Jupiter has some 72 moons orbiting it at present count, and these moons come in all shapes, sizes, and physical variations. Many of these moons have quite interesting characteristics, such as the moon Io, which has volcanic geysers that blast hot material some 300 milesRead MoreWater Is The Driving Force Of All Nature Essay967 Words   |  4 Pages â€Æ' Abstract (.5) Introduction Water: The Earth is covered by 1,386 million cubic kilometers of it, encompassing about 71% of Earth’s surface (a cubic kilometer of water equals about 264 billion gallons) (USGS). Water is one of the most important compounds for life, being used by the cells and tissues of living beings, driving chemical and physical processes on Earth such as erosion and many elemental cycles, and regulating Earth’s climate. Life may even have originatedRead MoreThe King And The Chessboard Of Wheat993 Words   |  4 Pagescontemplating the vast eons of time that lie between us and the creation of the earth. Each day seems like a grain of rice, so small that it seems as though they could never add up to anything substantial. However, looking back allows us to put ourselves into perspective. By examining history, we can see that we have been on this planet for less than 1% of its life, and have been making our mark in any measurable way for less than 1% of that. However, the impact th at humanity has had on the planetRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Pollution On Our Oceans1593 Words   |  7 PagesFor decades, oceans have been one of the biggest dumpsters used throughout the world. Plastics among other pollutants have affected our oceans and freshwater as well as marine life. Plastic pollution effects not only the ocean and its’ marine life, but humans as well and not just in the United States, but everywhere. Landfills are running into water systems every day, carrying more plastics and trash into all of the oceans. For instance, in the Mediterranean Sea, sewage is untreated and that totalsRead MoreHumans Need to Preserve The Ocean Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesabout sea life and there ecosystems surface. The vast ocean covers more than 70 percent of planet Earth’s surface (NOAA). However researchers and scientists have explored less than five percent of what really lies under water (NOAA). Leaving behind and amazing ninety-five percent left for new information to be found and researched. Sadly the amount of exploration of the ocean is low because the danger that come with researching such a vast ocean. 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Is College Education Worth It Free Essays

Is College Education Worth It? Hailey Mulligan October 24, 2012 Organization Communication MG320 Is College Education Worth It? Getting a â€Å"good† job is not straightforward as it used to be. In past generations, someone in an entry-level position could work their way up the ladder simply through hard work and determination; whether or not one had credentials or a diploma mattered very little. This is not the case today. We will write a custom essay sample on Is College Education Worth It or any similar topic only for you Order Now Higher education is now critical to obtaining a better job because the demand for skilled labor is rising. For this reason, the value that a degree offers is higher than that of one’s actual intelligence or merit. Furthermore, workers without college degrees will quickly be outpaced in position and salary by degree holders. Earning a college degree is no longer simply an option for potential job seekers, but a necessity for those wishing to advance in their careers. With the cost of postsecondary education rising in leaps and bounds, potential students may wonder if the college education system is still worth investing in. Niall Ferguson (2012) states that at a sample of public colleges, average tuition and fees for in-state residents have risen by 25 percent since 2008; for private schools, these tuition and fees rose by 13 percent (p. 20). Similarly, over half (56 percent) of students are enrolled at four year schools with tuitions and fees of up to $9,000 a year with high-ranking institutions reporting costs upwards of $40,000 annually (Walker, 2010, p. 28). Although this cost has been offset for many students by the increase in government funding for education in the form of grants and entitlements, postsecondary expenses can be daunting. Yet, findings discussed later in this report reveal the vital importance of a college degree, not only in short-term job hunts but as a long-term investment over one’s lifetime. First, the demand for skilled labor has risen in America. According to Bound and Turner (2010), â€Å"collegiate attainment has not kept pace with increases in the demand for skilled workers in the United States† (p. 7). Although there has been a significant increase in the number of college attendees, the number of students actually completing a college degree has not increased proportionately (p. 7). One possible argument for the rising demand of college graduates is the reduction of blue-collar jobs as this nation moves into a technology and information-based economic market (Carnevalle, 2006, p. 90). Bankston (2011) says this trend might be consistent with the argument that advances in technology have created a rising demand for advanced credentials (p. 337). Other authors cite examples of how â€Å"a new technology may require that people have a degree to provide a product or service for which a degree was unnecessary ten years ago† (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21). Others argue, however, that demand for jobs that require a college degree is simply a self-perpetuating result of the increase in college graduates. In 1940, barely five percent of American’s held a college degree; by 2008 that number had risen to 30 percent (Bankston, 2011, p. 326). One author credits the rise of degree requirements to the growth of government subsidies in the market of postsecondary education (Bankston, 2011, p. 336). As the government gives more money in the form of Pell grants (which has now been deemed an entitlement), more students attend college and obtain degrees. Bankston reasons that â€Å"one would expect that as credentials flood the market, they will purchase fewer opportunities† (p. 336). Over time this may mean that the value of a college degree may diminish and the gap in income and job opportunities between graduates and non-graduates will decrease. (p. 336). It may also mean that having only a bachelor’s degree will not be enough to secure a comfortable career. Debra Stewart, president of the Council of Graduate Schools, claims that â€Å"over the course of a lifetime, people with master’s degrees earn 18 percent more than those with baccalaureate degrees† (Loftus, 2012, p. 3). For now though, the rise of credentialed job seekers has led to the thought that higher education is an expectation for everyone. Because having a degree has become so common, employers now use it as a way to eliminate people who would not make good candidates for employment—even if a degree isn’t a totally accurate determinant of one’s talent or work skills. The mass availability of college education may actually â€Å"debase its intrinsic value† (Bankston, p. 338). Although someone without a degree may have more natural intelligence and ability than their credentialed ounterpart, a degree is now worth more than actual capability in the job market. Bankston writes that â€Å"the popular emphasis placed on higher education in a society in which higher education has become a broad expectation has heightened the importance of credentials as an asset for obtaining a job at the expense of other assets, such as demonstrated ability or experience in a field† (p. 337). A degree provides a form of merit that employers look for immediately because the degree marks the individual as som eone who can supposedly meet deadlines, fulfill obligations, and think critically. Margolis (2007) remarks how â€Å"it was the common practice of my colleagues to immediately sift out the [resumes] that didn’t have a degree and just throw them away† (p. 42). Because many employers are searching through high volumes of resumes, they don’t have time to thoroughly look at every single one; they speed up the process by simply filtering out non-graduates. This point is exemplified further in the case of Marilee Jones. The former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M. I. T. ) quickly resigned after it was discovered she did not actually have the credentials listed on her resume (Kinsley, 2007). Even though she started as a clerical worker and advanced in position over 28 years to become the dean at this prestigious school, her talent and loyalty meant nothing once her padded resume was revealed (Kinsley, 2007). She simply lacked the paper qualifications M. I. T. based itself upon. Although these qualifications are all â€Å"artificial substitutes for real merit, sometimes the artificial substitute is unavoidable† (p. 34). The substitutes are unavoidable when employers, like colleges, do not have the time or ability to gather all the information necessary to determine who will be a successful employee. Even though Ms. Jones â€Å"demonstrated real merit† (p. 34), her paper merit—or lack thereof—ultimately determined her fate at M. I. T. A college degree stands in the place of ability when ability cannot be measured in a concrete way. Not only can the absence of a college degree inhibit one’s ability to obtain a job, it can also hinder one’s likelihood of advancement in a career. A degree increases one’s â€Å"marketability and maneuverability—without a degree, you’re flying by the seat of your pants† (Kinsley, 2007). Although one might find a job without a degree (based on connections, etc. , the degree provides a cushion. If this job were to be lost, a new job could readily be found because of one’s credentials. Furthermore, non-graduates â€Å"cap out† in their careers sooner than graduates. Kinsley notes that â€Å"you hit that ceiling where a high school diploma only gets you so far in a salary rangeà ¢â‚¬  (p. 34). Bankston also documents the increasing gap since the 1950s in median wage incomes of Americans with and without college degrees (p. 337). The wage premium of a college degree over a high school diplomas increased by 83% since 1979 (Carnevale, 2006, p. 90). Non-graduates have less bargaining power in their positions because they are less valuable to their employer and may therefore be unable to take advantage of an increase in earnings or benefits (Kinsley, 2007). So stringent have the qualifications for employment become—arbitrarily or otherwise—that sometimes just having a diploma isn’t even enough. For example, employers are still wary about the quality of online degrees. Lynn Gresham (2008) notes a survey conducted by Vault. com that revealed â€Å"nearly two-thirds (63%) [of employers] still said that they would favor job candidates with degrees from traditional colleges† (p. 4). One hiring manager said they didn’t believe online degrees â€Å"reflect a serious commitment to education† (p. 24). Currently the perceived value of an online degree is less than that of degrees obtained from brick-and-mortar institutions. However, as more job candidates complete degrees online, employers’ views on their validity are slowing changing. For some, the completion of an online degree shows that â€Å"the person is highly self-motivated to learn new skills and acquire knowledge through rigorous self-study methods† (p. 27). Today, the average American changes jobs eleven times during their adult life (U. S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). For this reason, a person without a college degree would be devastatingly ill-equipped to survive in today’s job market because they lack the flexibility to move to new careers. In 2010, non-graduate workers experienced 10. 4 percent unemployment, while workers with at least a bachelor’s degree were only unemployed at 4. 7 percent (Whitaker and Zenker, 2011, p. 21-22). Employers still look to see if a job candidate has a degree, even if they exemplify significant intelligence. Doors of opportunity that remain open to degree holders will be closed for non-graduates and the ladder of advancement will only reach so high. Diplomas are a form of meritocracy necessary in America, even if only arbitrarily. While the intrinsic value of a college education may be disappearing because of its mass production, its extrinsic value remains true. Despite its high costs, college is still one of the best investments a person can make in today’s highly competitive job market. Financially and opportunity-wise, obtaining a college education is still worth it. How to cite Is College Education Worth It, Papers

Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cooperative

Questions: Discuss about the Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cooperative? Answer: Scenario Your Company plans to open a new branch. Thus a new planning has started in order to go on board for recruitment process to fill new positions because of the result of expansion. As internal employees are given the top priority- only to those who wish to be promoted on to the new roles- Thus for submitting applications for the new post, applicants are required to submit a self-evaluation document by following the guidelines below. More assumptions in the scenario are as follows: Company is in: IT sector My Designation: HR Generalist Promotion to the role of: Chief Human Resource Officer Set of Responsibilities and Primary Performance Objectives Effectiveness Areas for Improvement/ Recommendations Attendance Management- The basic management of the attendance of all the employees. Objective being the careful management of all the attendance as to make sure that the leaves are granted as per the records. Effectiveness till date has been good. No employee has ever complained about the same. Moreover the top level didnt face any difficulty as far as the number of employees taking leaves and who have been granted the same. I would like to recommend that if we can have biometrics installed on the front gate. This will actually make sure that there are no loopholes and will sure that the numbers which are being managed by me are more technically managed. In the end- the analysis is handled by us. Performance Management, Reward And Recognition And Compensation And Benefits- Compensation and benefits have always been carefully given to the one who deserves. I being carefully involved in the performance appraisal- make me follow an employees compensation package and benefits in terms of allowances etc. The objective here is that of organizational justice- fair pay prevails. (Baldwin, S. 2006) The employees are quite satisfied with the kind of compensation they are having with full amount of benefits which they deserve. Moreover following the industry standards, our company stands high in terms of happy employees as far as their salaries are concerned compared to the others in the industry. (Allison, D. B., Silverstein, J. M., Galante, V.1992) More comprehensive performance management techniques can be there- performance appraisal can be done in every quarter. Organizational Development- The development of the Human resource being the main objective here. Moreover the overall organizational development deals with the policies being in check and the human resource is contributing to the same. Employees have been made to attend various workshops and other activities which were organized by my team where we made sure that the alignment of their goals with companys is there. I can also try to make sure there are continuous reviews on employees contribution in the development of the whole organization- in any which way. Employee Relations- This deal with making sure that the employees internally and as well as with the organization are having a comfortable and good relation. Till date, the employee relations have been great. With no complaint from the management and no practice or union formations in the company, the work has been satisfactory at my end. None Recruitment and Succession Planning - This mainly deals with hiring the right people at the right time for the right place. My main objective to fill in the positions where requirements are there makes me deal with the whole process of recruiting. Also succession planning being one part where I have been assisting the top level in order to make sure right people are being promoted internally. The main effectiveness deals with the best suited people for the jobs. All the new recruits have been giving great results in the organization and few of them have also been offered hikes. Area for improvement can be- more technical interviews being conducted for new hires as per the position they are applying for. Training And Development- These two have been the main source of the development of the employees. Having programmes arranged for them in order to make sure that there is an up gradation in their skill sets. Training and development have been the focus of the company. The company being in IT has to make sure that employees have the right and all the new skills to work for international clients. Thus I have always making sure that all the new technologies are known by them. Thus many training and development programmes have been organized for the employees- for which the response has been excellent. The areas which can be focused for my improvement can be- to ask employees where to want training and a proper training need analysis has to be done. How motivational techniques can be used to improve quality of performance? Many motivational theories can be used in order to improve and boost teams morale. This can be as follows: Erik Erikson's life stage theoryis valuable for understanding team members motivational needs according to life stage they are in. This will make sure that the employees are happy and the team leader knows that how to train the employees and keep them motivated at the work place. Eriks theory works because employees can of various life stages and every life stage has different need. Maslows Need Hierarchy has always been there to know at which stage of motivational requirement the team is. Moreover in order to boost their motivation- it can be seen if for example somebody is at the stage of esteem in the hierarchy, then the employee has to be provided motivation in that manner only. Other motivational theories like- Herzbergs two factor theory and X and Y theory which suggests various motivators like: Challenging tasks, recognition and status and position can be given to the employees. Work based problems I have encountered in your current role How it was solved on various levels and as well as communicated? Solutions Training and development of employees in the new analysis techniques of Big Data This work based problem had me scratch my head a lot of times because this was a very important training and development programme that had to be arranged with an outhouse trainer and involving a lot of cost. Moreover- it dealing with a new current trend of- Analysis of Big Data, it was difficult to find a trainer which was so proficient in the subject matter and thus the research began. The problem at hand was to conduct a nice training programme for the engineers in our company who have worked for almost a decade- the proficient engineers have to be made aware of many new techniques and thus a cost was involved with the same. Levels of Management: Top Level: The top level was sent a proposal stating all the needs and requirements of the engineers and as to why this was needed. Employees were also asked and told about the new trend and employees have to put in a lot of efforts for the same. A trainer from US- MIT Institute was called- he being a professor of Data Analytics knew all the recent trends in the international perspective. Making sure that the budget doesnt go high- he was still offered all the facilities and the training programme was conducted in the conference hall only- where laptops are properly installed with all the required programmes needed in attending the training programme. The solution had paid off and the training programme was done nicely leaving all the employees with immense of new skills and knowledge. This all was done in a matter of 5 days- out of which 2 days were in travelling of the Professor. Effective time management strategies and how they can help individuals to manage their time more efficiently Commitment Commitment is the main challenge- if only you can commit to the work, then only have it in your to do list. Else dont really add it. This makes sure that the schedule is up to date and effectively time is being managed. Shadow fun with work Make sure that the time is there for enjoyment even. Thus the work schedule should be around this only. Race against time and task Make sure that you see the time and tasks to be done simultaneously because if there is shortage of time and task are too much and that too big ones, thus it wont be possible to manage time. So make sure you manage your task time as well. No multi- tasking Make sure that you complete the priority task first rather than multi- tasking and increasing the time cost for other tasks which have been left behind.(Zaheer, S., Albert, S. and Zaheer, A. 1999) Roles people play in your team and how you work together to achieve shared goals There are many roles in the human resource department. The senior and the middle level works as team and here from HR Director to HR Administrator- we all work together through internal team meetings on every day in the morning in order to discuss all the important objectives of the day and the updates regarding the same. Moreover in order to make sure there are achieved goals together, following techniques are taken into consideration: Team Meetings: As discussed above- many advantages of having these meetings are that there is no overlapping of work; everybody is updated about the events going on in other sub- teams etc. Virtual Communication: With an extensive virtual communication system in the company, we make sure we use it to our best advantage like internal messaging, live chat so that people dont have to waste time in clearing small doubts or some other things to be informed to others in the team. This saves time a lot. Analyze your team dynamics Nature of the teams work The nature of the team working is too diverse and mainly deals with the Human resource management. As mentioned above- all those tasks are taken in account. The personalities within the team The personalities within the team are of all types as per the MBTI personality indicators, which make sure that we have variety in terms of thinking and work styles that helps understand various problems at hand. Working relationships with other people The working relations with other people are quite smooth. For example- the working relation of the senior level HR team with the top level management team is quite smooth. All the proposals are discussed at length and analysis is done together wherever necessary. The informal relations inside the team can be seen through the events which are organized by the company. The environment in which the team works The environment is quite friendly and has been making sure that the team doesnt face any problem with the work environment. (Molnau, D.C. 2013) Alternative ways to complete tasks and achieve team goals The list of ways is as follows: More Informal meetings Synergy events Gamification practices- where teams are divided and they play normal games- for better understanding Tools and methods for developing solutions to typical problems I experienced in my current role Training Need Analysis Tool The tool should help in gathering data which is needed in order to know what are the training requirements of the companys employees. Many straightforward methods can be used- direct surveys from the employees, interactions etc.(Zijlstra, F.R.H., Roe, R.A., Leonora, A.B. and Krediet, I. 1999) This tool will help in: In determining what data needs to be sorted out Planning for the most suited methods for collection of the data Learn about different methods of data collection. Exploring various pros and cons of the same. (Bandura, A.I. 1997) Develop an appropriate strategy for resolving a particular problem you have experienced For the problem stated in the task 2 which deals with organizing a proper training and development programme, an appropriate strategy will be analyzing the same much in advance. The following strategy can be seen- Evaluation of training needs of the employees Methods lie direct interaction should be taken in account Analysis of the new industry trends in IT sector Making sure that the trainers are available or not Keeping the budget in check Checking of the required resources Willingness of the employees for the training and development How many needs to be trained Arrangements for the outsider trainer Execution of the programme Evaluation of the potential impact on the business of implementing the strategy The strategy above mentioned will help the business grow in excess because if the training and development programmes as suggested above, if organized in the same manner then that would be very helpful for the employees of the company and thus making sure that if the organization wants to venture out in new domains, they can easily do so. The positive impact that the company will have will increase companys employer branding status in the market, attracting new potential employees into the organization. References Allison, D. B., Silverstein, J. M., Galante, V.1992. Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cooperative, competitive, and independent monetary incentive systems. JournalofOrganizationalBehaviorManagement,13(1),85-112. Bandura, A.I. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Clark, R.E., Estes, F.2002. Turning research into results: A guide to selecting the right performance Solutions. Atlanta: CEP Press. Clark, R.E. 2004. The ten most wanted motivation killers. PerformanceXpress, International Society for Performance Improvement. Clark, R.E. 2003. Fostering the work motivation of individuals and teams. Performance Improvement, 42(3), 21-29. Druckman, D., Bjork, R. (eds.). 1994. Learning, remembering, and believing: Enhancing human performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. van Dick, R. 2001. Identification in organizational contexts: Linking theory and research from social and organizational psychology. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(4), 265-283. Williams, K., Karau, S., Bourgeois, M. 1993. Working on collective tasks: Social loafing and social compensation. In M.A. Hogg D. Abrams (eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 130-148). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Baldwin, S. 2006.Organisational Justice. Brighton, UK: Institute for Employment Studies. Retrieved from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/pdflibrary/mp73.pdf Barrick, M., Stewart, G., Neubert, M., Mount, M. 1998. Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3): 377391. Barsade, S., Ward, A., Turner, J., Sonnenfeld, J. 2000. To your hearts content: A model of affective diversity in top management teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 802836. Baugh, S., Graen, G. 1997. Effects of team gender and racial composition on perceptions of team performance in cross-functional teams. Group Organization Management, 22: 366384. Clark, R. E.1999. Yin And Yang Cognitive Motivational Processes Operating In Multimedia Learning Environments Invited Address For The Conference On Cognition And Multimedia Design, Open University Of The Netherlands, July 1, 1999,www.ou.nl Molnau, D.C. 2013. High-performance teams: understanding team cohesiveness. Six Sigma. Retrieved from https://www.isixsigma.com/implementation/teams/high-performance-teams-understandingteam-cohesiveness/ Deci,E.L.1971.Effects Of Externally Mediated Rewards On Intrinsic Motivation Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,18,105-115. Deci, E. L.1972. The Effects Of Contingent And Non-Contingent Rewards And Controls On Intrinsic Motivation. Organizational Behavior And Human Performance,8, 217-229. Dewey, J.1900. Psychology And Social Practice. The Psychological Review,7, 105-124. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C. 1996. Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West. Fiske, S. 1993. Social cognition and social perception. In M. R. Rozenwig L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 44: 155194. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. Frable, D. E. S. 1997. Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. Annual Review of Psychology, 48: 139162. Frey, L. R. 2000. Diversifying our understanding of diversity and communication in groups: Dialoguing with Clark, Anand and Roberson. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4: 222229. Stolovitch, H. D., Keeps, E. J. 1992. The Handbook of Human Performance Technology. San Francisco:Jossey Bass. Stolovitch, H. D., Keeps, E. J. 1999. The Handbook of Human Performance Technology: Second Edition. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Woolfolk, A.E. and Woolfolk, R.L. 1986, Time management: an experimental investigation, Journal of School Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 267-75. Wright, T.A. 2002, Dialogue: the importance of time in organizational research, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, pp. 343-5. Zaheer, S., Albert, S. and Zaheer, A. 1999, Time scales and organizational theory, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, pp. 725-41. Zijlstra, F.R.H., Roe, R.A., Leonora, A.B. and Krediet, I. 1999, Temporal factors in mental work: effects of interrupted activities, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 72, pp. 163-85.

The royal family (Êîðîëåâñêîå ñåìåéñòâî) free essay sample

REFERATE FOR ENGLISH PUPLE FROM 9 # 8220 ; G # 8221 ; CLASS OF SCHOOL NO 22 LIVINCEV IVAN For more than a thousand old ages Britain has ever had male monarchs or Queenss except for the ten old ages between 1649 and 1659. In the yesteryear, male monarchs had great power and they truly helped to do history. They started wars, made depressions, and did things in their ain manner. But bit by bit more and more power went to Parliament. What does the queen do now? Why does Britain necessitate monarchy?And does it? A occupation for life A occupation for life Elizabeth II calls the Windsor household a # 8220 ; Firm # 8221 ; . She thinks of it as a concern instead than a household. And the chief concern of the royal household is # 8230 ; good, likely being royal. And they are paid for it. The queen is one of the richest adult female in the universe and yet she gets approximately 8 million lbs a twelvemonth to be a queen. We will write a custom essay sample on The royal family (Êà ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®Ãƒ «Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ªÃƒ ®Ãƒ ¥ à ±Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ©Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ®) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But many people agree that she does her occupation well and she deserves her wage. The work of the royal household has continued through all the alterations of the last 50 or 60 old ages. There are 100s of traditional ceremonials which the Queen has to maintain. Each twelvemonth, in September or October, there is the State Opening of Parliament. The Queen, have oning her Crown, arrives at the Houses of Parliament by passenger car. There she reads the Queens Speech, which discusses the authorities # 8217 ; s work for the following twelvemonth. Another traditional ceremonial takes topographic point on the Thursday before Easter Sunday. The Queen gives out bags of money to older people who have done good work. This is called # 8220 ; Maundy money # 8221 ; and the tradition is about seven hundred old ages old. Every summer the Queen gives three or more royal garden parties at Buckingham Palace. About 8,000 invitees come to each party. They drink about 27,000 cups of tea and eat 20,000 sandwiches and 20,000 pieces of bar. The Queen and other members of the royal household frequently travel abroad as invitees of others states. They meet of import visitants. They are invited to the gap of infirmaries, schools, museums, embassies-not long ago Princess Anne came to Moscow for the gap ceremonial of the new British Embassy. So their life is rather busy. Besides, the Queen acts as caput of the authorities and one time a hebdomad she has a meeting with the Prime Minister. She besides has to read the study of the twenty-four hours from Parliament. Any jurisprudence made by Parliament truly becomes a jurisprudence merely if the Queen agrees to it. But no male monarch or queen has refused a new jurisprudence since 1701! Family narrative Family narrative When Elizabeth was born cipher knew she would be queen. Her gramps, King George V, had six kids. His eldest boy, Edward, was the following in line to be king and Elizabeth # 8217 ; s male parent, Albert, was merely 2nd kid. Edward loved a good clip. He enjoyed adult females, imbibe a batch, spent money, liked stylish apparels. Albert, or Bertie, as his friend called him, was instead diffident, he stammered, and all his life it was hard for him to do addresss. As he did non anticipate to go male monarch, he the Navy. When he took exams at naval College, he came merely 68th. It wasn # 8217 ; t really impressive since there were merely 68 pupils in the category. He married lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon- she is the Queen Mother now and this twelvemonth she has celebrate her 100thanniversary! -And they had two girls, Elizabeth and Margaret. The household lived in a house on Piccadilly. It was non a castle, but it was a nice topographic point with 25 sleeping rooms, a library and a room for dance and parties. The misss had a private instructor, they besides studied music, dancing and art. As a kid Elizabeth was nicknamed Lilibet-because that was the manner she pronounced her name. She was a serious, tidy small miss, but her governess said that Lilibet and Margaret could contend on occasions. In 1936 King George died. When his casket with the Crown on top of it was passenger car through the streets on a Equus caballus drawn passenger car, the Crown fell. Many people through it was a bad mark. Indeed, 1936 became # 8220 ; The twelvemonth of the male monarchs # 8221 ; . In January, after his male parent # 8217 ; s decease, Edward became king. In December he refused from the throne and his younger brother Bertie took his topographic point. WAR TIMES, MARRIAGE AND FUTURE WAR TIMES, MARRIAGE AND FUTURE Bertie became King George. The household moved into Buckingham Palace. During the war the household lived in Windsor. It was unsafe to remain in London because the metropolis was frequently bombed particularly East End. When Elizabeth was 13 she met Prince Philip of Greece. He was six twelvemonth older than her. Surely at that clip she was merely schoolgirl, but subsequently they fell in love and in 1947 they got married. As we now after that was born a girl, which name is Diana. In 1989 twelvemonth Princes Diana got married with Prince Charles. They had two boies, William and Harry. The twelvemonth portion of Windsor Castle was severely damaged by a fire. The authorities refused to pay for the fixs. So the Queen opened Buckingham Palace to playing tourer to acquire the money. Later she decided that their favourite royal ship Britanniawas excessively expensive and it had to travel. Queen agreed to pay revenue enhancements. After Diana # 8217 ; s decease many people asked if Charles would be king or the Crown would travel to his eldest boy, William? Prince William is 18 now, he looks really much like his female parent. He and Prince Harry are the royal household of the hereafter. Both male childs study at Eton, they spend a batch of clip with their male parent and frequently visit their grandma. England has had male monarchs and Queenss for a thousand years-probably they # 8217 ; ll have them for another 1000, and people believe in the Royal Family!

Margaret Knight - Queen of Paper Bags

Margaret Knight - Queen of Paper Bags Margaret Knight was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part that would automatically fold and glue paper bags to create square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Workmen reportedly refused her advice when first installing the equipment because they mistakenly thought, what does a woman know about machines? Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870.   Earlier Years Margaret Knight was born in York, Maine, in 1838 to James Knight and Hannah Teal. She received her first patent at the age of 30, but inventing was always part of her life. Margaret or ‘Mattie’ as she was called in her childhood, made sleds and kites for her brothers while growing up in Maine.  James Knight died when Margaret was a little girl. Knight went to school until she was 12, and began working in a cotton mill. During that first year, she observed an accident at a textile mill. She  had an idea for a stop-motion device that could be used in textile mills to shut down machinery, preventing workers from being injured.  By the time she was a teenager the invention was being used in the mills. After the Civil war, Knight began working in a Massachusetts paper bag plant. While working in the plant, she thought how much easier it would be to pack items in paper bags if the bottoms were flat. That idea inspired Knight to create the machine that would transform her into a famous woman inventor. Knights machine automatically folded and glued paper-bag bottoms – creating the flat-bottom paper bags that are still used to this very day in most grocery stores. Court Battle A man named Charles Annan tried to steal Knights idea and receive credit for the patent. Knight did not give in and instead took Annan to court. While Annan argued simply that a woman could never design such an innovative machine, Knight displayed actual evidence that the invention indeed belonged to her. As a result, Margaret Knight received her patent in 1871. Other Patents Knight is considered one of the female Edison, and received some 26 patents for such diverse items as a window frame and sash, machinery for cutting shoe soles, and improvements to internal combustion engines.   A few of Knights other inventions: Dress and skirt shield - 1883Clasp for robes - 1884Spit - 1885Numbering machine - 1894Window frame and sash - 1894Rotary engine - 1902 Knights original bag-making machine is in the  Smithsonian Museum  in  Washington,  D.C. She never married and died on October 12,  1914,  at the age of 76. Knight was inducted in the  National Inventors Hall of Fame  in 2006.

Overview of the Last Glaciation

Overview of the Last Glaciation When did the last Ice Age occur? The worlds most recent glacial period began about 110,000 years ago and ended around 12,500 years ago. The maximum extent of this glacial period was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and it occurred around 20,000 years ago. Although the Pleistocene Epoch experienced many cycles of glacials and interglacials (the warmer periods between the colder glacial climates), the last glacial period is the most heavily studied and best-known portion of the worlds current ice age, especially with regard to North America and northern Europe. The Geography of the Last Glacial Period At the time of the LGM (map of glaciation), approximately 10 million square miles (~ 26 million square kilometers) of the earth was covered by ice. During this time, Iceland was completely covered as was much of the area south of it as far as the British Isles. In addition, northern Europe was covered as far south as Germany and Poland. In North America, all of Canada and portions of the United States were covered by ice sheets as far south as the Missouri and Ohio Rivers. The Southern Hemisphere experienced the glaciation with the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered Chile and much of Argentina and Africa and portions of the Middle East and Southeast Asia experienced significant mountain glaciation. Because the ice sheets and mountain glaciers covered so much of the world, local names have been given to the various glaciations around the  world. The Pinedale or Fraser in the North American Rocky Mountains, Greenland, the Devensian in the British Isles, the Weichsel in Northern Europe and Scandinavia, and the Antarctic glaciations are some of the names given to such areas. Wisconsin in North America is one of the more famous and well-studied, as is the Wà ¼rm glaciation of the European Alps. Glacial Climate and Sea Level The North American and European ice sheets of the last glaciation began forming after a prolonged cold stage with increased precipitation (mostly snow in this case) took place. Once the ice sheets began forming, the cold landscape altered typical weather patterns by creating their own air masses. The new weather patterns that developed reinforced the initial weather that created them, plunging the various areas into a cold glacial period. The warmer portions of the globe also experienced a change in climate due to glaciation in that most of them became cooler but drier. For example, rainforest cover in West Africa was reduced and replaced by tropical grasslands because of a lack of rain. At the same time, most of the worlds deserts expanded as they became drier. The American Southwest, Afghanistan, and Iran are exceptions to this rule however as they became wetter once a shift in their airflow patterns took place. Finally, as the last glacial period progressed leading up to the LGM, sea levels worldwide dropped as water became stored in the ice sheets covering the world’s continents. Sea levels went down about 164 feet (50 meters) in 1,000 years. These levels then stayed relatively constant until the ice sheets began to melt toward the end of the glacial period. Flora and Fauna During the last glaciation, shifts in climate altered the world’s vegetation patterns from what they had been prior to the formation of the ice sheets. However, the types of vegetation present during the glaciation are similar to those found today. Many such trees, mosses, flowering plants, insects, birds, shelled mollusks, and mammals are examples. Some mammals also went extinct around the world during this time but it is clear that they did live during the last glacial period. Mammoths, mastodons, long-horned bison, saber-toothed cats, and giant ground sloths are among these. Human history also began in the Pleistocene and we were heavily impacted by the last glaciation. Most importantly, the drop in sea level aided in our movement from Asia into North America as the landmass connecting the two areas in Alaskas Bering Strait (Beringia) surfaced to act as a bridge between the areas. Todays Remnants of the Last Glaciation Though the last glaciation ended about 12,500 years ago, remnants of this climatic episode are common around the world today. For example, increased precipitation in North Americas Great Basin area created enormous lakes (map of lakes) in a normally dry area. Lake Bonneville was one and once covered most of what is today Utah.​ The  Great Salt Lake is todays largest remaining portion of Lake Bonneville but the old shorelines of the lake can be seen on the mountains around Salt Lake City. Various landforms also exist around the world because of the enormous power of moving glaciers and ice sheets. In Canadas Manitoba for instance, numerous small lakes dot the landscape. These were formed as the moving ice sheet gouged out the land beneath it. Over time, the depressions formed filled with water creating kettle lakes. Finally, there are many glaciers still present around the world today and they are some of the most famous remnants of the last glaciation. Most ice today is located in Antarctica and Greenland but some ice is also found in Canada, Alaska, California, Asia, and New Zealand. Most impressively though are the glaciers still found in the equatorial regions like South Americas Andes Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. Most of the worlds glaciers are famous today however for their significant retreats in recent years. Such a retreat represents a new shift in the earth’s climate- something that has happened time and time again over the earths 4.6 billion year history and will no doubt continue to do in the future.

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example Law of misrepresentation have provisions that offer redress of the consumer detriment (Cartwright, 2007). However, the rights appear in fragmented forms that are complex hence making it unclear. The complexities presented by the law require amendments to ensure effective application of the law. The current laws provide confusions to the advisers of the consumers and traders as well as their clients, a fact that pose hindrances to private ordering. Therefore, the essay presents the law by highlighting the gaps that need amendments by considering possible avenues that are applicable in a case where the consumer is mislead by the trader. Misrepresentation refers to misleading actions when considered from a private law perspective. However, this law does not occur in a single body but rather represents several causes of actions for a number of issues arising from misrepresentation (Law Commissions, 2010; Atiyah and Treitel, 1967). Therefore, it gives rise to several families of rule. When a consumer intends to bring forth claims of misrepresentation, they are required to go through sea of actions that may be intimidating and lead to uncertain actions (Law Commissions, 2010). These represent some of the discouragement that hinders the consumers from commencing any claim from the fraudulent traders. When a consumer is presented with misleading facts, or is told something that is untrue, such a consumer is said to have been mislead. When the trader breaches the contract or act in a fraudulent manner, the law of England governs this in the 1967 act of the misrepresentation (Warren, 1983). A misrepresentation depends on whether the information falls within the three categories of factual, falseness and not an omission (Cartwright, 2007). When a representation is untrue, it represents an actionable prospect. However, when it is untimely, unintelligible, or not

Western Cultures. Loss Of Centerdness In The Early 20th Century Essay

Western Cultures. Loss Of Centerdness In The Early 20th Century - Essay Example The political power exerted by the colonizer made it easy for them to establish that they were culturally superior as well. The establishment of the cultural superiority of the colonizer has been a step by stem process by which first of all, the colonizer’s culture is imposed, then the culture of the colonized is replaced with a new culture that is still inferior to, but imitative of the colonizer’s culture. The result of this phenomenon is that slowly the colonized cultures and people belonging to them loose their self-esteem and abandon their culture out of an inferiority complex. The tragedy of this situation is that even when colonization ends, this sense of inferiority of one’s own culture will remain for a long time in the minds of the colonized. Introduction Culture is a phenomenon that embeds all human being, gives meaning and purpose to their lives and provides them a sense of belonging and connection. Once culture is disintegrated, a whole society can a lso get disintegrated. In the history of humanity, nothing else than colonialism had made such an impact on specific cultures as to disintegrate them partially or completely. As the colonizers were mostly the westerners and the colonized being the non-western cultures, the result was an imposition of the cultural hegemony of all western values. The non-western cultures faced a complex identity crisis in the face of this cultural invasion. In the later nineteenth and early twentieth century, colonialism emerged as an extension of western political and cultural imperialism, to such an extent that â€Å"the self-proclaimed â€Å"superiority† of â€Å"Western culture†, functioned as the rationale and mandate for colonialism† (Narayan and Harding, 2000, p.83). The result was that whichever cultures colonized by the western world, began to feel themselves as inferior cultures to the western culture and lost their sense of centeredness. For example, David (2011) has in vestigated the colonial experience of Philippines and showed that the Americans settled in Philippines as part of the colonial legacy, still view Filipino culture as inferior to western and American culture (p.13). Sonnenburg (2003) has pointed to how the British colonization of Australia treated the indigenous people of Australia as some animal or cattle and forcefully separated children belonging to these aborigines from their mothers, â€Å"a practice that continued into the mid-twentieth century† (p.1). Similarly, the English colonial experience in Ireland resulted in the Anglicization of Ireland and suppression of Irish language and culture (Sonnenburg, 2003, p.280). All the colonized cultures had experienced this kind of cultural oppression and this experience was described as, â€Å"loss of centeredness,† by many scholars (Kebede, 2004;Sayre, 2012). What is meant by this expression is that the colonized cultures that were self-reliant and centered around their o wn culture were forced to feel that their cultures were no more the center of the universe they knew. Instead they began to feel that their cultures were inferior to the cultures that colonized them. The most serious consequence of this loss of centeredness has been that even after the colonial rule was withdrawn, the people continue to experience this loss of centerednedd (Kebede, 2004). Rightfully calling colonialism, â€Å"a cultural project of control†, Dirk (1992) has described the complex experience of colonialism from the point of view of culture (p.7). He (Dirk, 1992) has tried to describe this complexity by saying that â€Å"not only did colonial rulers align themselves with the universal and inexorable forces of science, progress, rationality and modernity, they displaced many of the disruptions and excesses of rule

Time Value of Money Essay Example for Free

Time Value of Money Essay Time value of money is useful in making informed business decisions. For example the net present value method can be used to help decide the best alternative among multiple alternative uses of a firm or personal financial resources. By discounting various alternatives to their present value one can compare the alternatives. Time value of money can also answer such questions as what ones investment will be worth at a certain point of time in the future, assuming a certain interest rate. Time value of money can also be used to compute such useful information as car, mortgage and other loan payments. Another use of time value of money in accounting is reporting of certain long-term assets and liabilities. Time value of money is based on the principle of compound interest. Each time there is a compounding period the new principal is increased by the interest from the previous period. Converting Before Using the Tables When using the tables, you may need to convert if, for example, in a lump sum situation there are more than one compounding periods in a year. Or you may need to convert (to monthly compounding) if, for example, you are working with an annuity situation involving a car loan that involves monthly rather than annual periodic payments. You often need to convert whether it is a lump sum or an annuity situation. Do the following conversions before using the tables. See some of the examples which follow these notes. For semi-annual compounding [or for deposits every six months in an annuity], take the annual interest rate and divide it by 2. Take the number of years and multiply by 2. For quarterly compounding [or for quarterly deposits in an annuity] take the annual interest rate and divide it by 4. Take the number of years and multiply by 4. For monthly compounding [or for monthly deposits in an annuity] take the annual interest rate and divide it by 12. Take the number of years and multiply by 12. Lump Sum Amounts Future Value of $1 = Present Value X Future Value of $1 Table Factor Present Value of $1= Future Value X Present Value of $1 Table Factor Use the $1 table when you are dealing only with a lump sum amount. (However when you have an annuity in the problem, do not use the lump sum table; instead use the annuity table. Use the annuity table even if you are looking for a lump sum, as shown in No. 4 which follows these notes.) Notice that there are four variables with lump sum situations: Present Value, Future Value, Interest Rate, and Period. You need to know three out of the four to figure out an unknown. You saw above how to compute Present Value and Future Value. Now suppose you want to find the interest rate. Present Value Approach: PV / FV = computed PV Table factor Go to the PV table. Where the table factor and periods intersect is the interest rate. Use this same approach to figure the number of periods when you know the interest rate and PV and FV. Annuities An annuity means a series of equal periodic deposits, or rents which can be either payments or receipts; they are made at equal periodic intervals. Use the annuity tables when you are dealing with equal periodic payments or receipts at equal periodic intervals. Use Ordinary Annuity table for payments made at the end of the period. Use Annuity Due table for payments made at the beginning of the period. Future Value of an Annuity = Annuity Deposit X Future Amount of an Annuity Table factor. Present Value of an Annuity = Annuity Deposit X PV of Annuity Table Factor Note the Annuity Deposit may be either a payment or receipt. Now say you wish to find the amount of the deposit, which could be either a periodic payment like a car or mortgage payment, or a periodic receipt such winnings from the lottery or more realistically monthly withdrawls of cash during retirement. Rent or Payment/Receipt = PV / PV of annuity table factor or Rent or Payment/Receipt = FV / FV of annuity table factor You cannot just use either of the PV or FV approaches. Use the PV approach if PV is the given information. You would have to use the FV approach if FV is the given information. Often you use the present value approach though. For example if you are buying a car and want to figure out the car payments, the current price of the car is Present Value. It is assumed to be the cash-equivalent price. A Few Practice Problems 1. You want to know how much you should deposit in the bank each month in order to have $10,000 in four years. What type of problem is this? A. present value of an annuity B. present value of an amount C. future value of an annuity D. future value of an amount The correct answer is C. First you know this is an annuity because it involves equal periodic payments to the bank at equal intervals. You know it is future value because you are asked to find what future amount your annuity will grow to. Even though it is growing to a single amount, be sure to note that you are looking for the future value of an ANNUITY. 2. You want to know how much you should deposit in the bank now in order to have $10,000 in four years. What type of problem is this? A. present value of an annuity B. present value of an amount C. future value of an annuity D. future value of an amount The correct answer is B. 3. Someone will pay you $10,000 in four years. You want to know how much it is worth to you now, assuming a certain interest rate. What kind of problem is this? A. present value of an annuity B. present value of an amount C. future value of an annuity D. future value of an amount The correct answer is B. 4. What single amount do you have to deposit in the bank now in order to be able to withraw $200 a month for the next five years? What kind of a problem is this? A. present value of an annuity B. present value of an amount C. future value of an annuity D. future value of an amount The answer is A. Even though a single amount will be deposited, it is still an annuity problem. Hint: any time a problem involves equal periodic payments, use an annuity table. 5. When you were born your parents set up a trust fund designed to accumulate $88,000 by the time you are 50 years old. You are 34 years old today. If you negotiate getting the money today, what will you get? Assume an 8% interest rate and annual compounding. First realize you are looking for present value. Today and now are hints you want present value. Next realize you need to subtract your current age for 50 years to get the number of years, which would be 16 years in this problem. So PV = FV X PV table factor for 8% and 16 years 25,687 = 88,000 X .2919 6. You are very rich and will be retired soon. You want to take out $416,000 every six months for 6 years. You can get a 6% interest rate. How much do you need to deposit in the bank today to make this happen? You are looking for the Present Value of an annuity , since you want the amount to deposit TODAY, and you will be withdrawing equal periodic payments. So use the annuity table even though you are putting a lump sum in the bank. PV annuity = Deposit X PV annuity factor ( 3%, 12 semi-annual periods) = 416,000 X 9.9540 = 4,140,864, the amount you need to deposit today. 7. Trego County wants to raise $4,000,000 to finance the construction of a new high school. The school board wants to make semiannual payments to repay the loan over the next 15 years. What will be the amount of the payments assuming the interest rate of 10%?

Essay --

Aim: To measure the amount of oxygen takes in by the maggots and peas with the help of a respirometer in the experiment. Introduction: Respiration is the process by which organic molecules are broken down in a series of stages to synthesize ATP. Respiratory quotient is a measure of the ratio between oxygen an organism takes in and carbon dioxide the organism eliminates. The use of a device called a respirometer is used to measure an organism’s respiratory quotient by measuring the gases the organism takes in and exhales. Metabolism is all the chemical processes that take place in living organisms for example breathing, circulating blood and controlling body temperature. Since the peas and maggots used in this experiment are living things, they could affect the result since they both expire aerobically and take part in metabolism. With respiration of carbohydrates, the food is then converted to carbohydrates usually hexose sugar before being respired. There is an oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy. Oxygen + glucose → Carbon dioxide + water + energy (in the form of ATP) When there is no use of oxygen it is anaerobic respiration and with usage of oxygen, this is aerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen there are 4 stages namely glycolysis in the cytoplasm, link reaction and Krebs cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria and electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membranes. ATP is generated when H is lost and used to reduce coenzymes. The reduced Hydrogen carrier can be used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation In the absence of oxygen the Krebs cycle and electron transport system cannot operate and only glycolysis takes place, which yields a two molecules for each g... ... in the sucrose solution contains carbohydrates. Food source would affect respiration, as each food source has a different energy values and respire in a different way. Appendices: This is calculated starting with obtaining the amount of carbon dioxide released by subtracting value b from value a. The respiratory quotient is then found by dividing the volume of carbon dioxide released over the volume of oxygen consumed Peas Maggots Mass (g) 5.60-3.93=1.67 5.06-4.00=1.06 Value (a) with KOH 3.50-2.00=1.50 4.25-2.50=1.75 Value (b) without KOH 3.75-3.75=0.00 3.50-3.00=0.50 Respiratory Quotient per unit 1.00 0.71 1) Volume of CO2 removed by peas is a-b (1.50-0)=1.50 RQ = (volume of carbon dioxide released)/(volume of oxygen consumed) RQ is 1.50/1.50=1 2) Volume of CO2 released by maggots is 1.75-0.50=1.25 With the RQ value is 1.25/1.75=0.71

Die Welle Essay

In the film â€Å"Die Welle†, directed by Dennis Gansel is about a teacher that is assigned to teach autocracy instead of anarchy. In the German setting, where the movie takes place, everybody knows that fascism and the Nazis sucked, they got that. Getting relegated to teaching autocracy was a real bummer since the students were filled with arrogance and laziness. Rainer Wegner constructs an unorthodox experiment, making an autocracy group of their own called â€Å"The Wave† or â€Å"Die Welle†. The real question is to what extent is an Autocratic government superior to all other governments or the counterpart the democratic government? For those who don’t know the difference between autocracy and democracy is that democracy is the form of government ruled by a group of leaders and a president elected by the people of the country. The leadership is chosen by the majority of the people. The epitome of a democratic government that is most known to us is the United States of America. On the other hand, an autocracy is basically a dictatorship is when one person rules the country without any say from the public. The people don’t have any saying at all in how the nation is run. An incredibly good example is Nazi Germany. Die Welle can be considered an allegory to modern day neo-nazism or old nazi Germany. The wave is just like hitler and the nazi group. It can make us reflect if a way of knowing, which is history, can be indeed true. How can we know something is right if we didn’t observe it first-handedly? We can think of it like this way, we can know that modern history is usually accurate since we were present at the times these events happened, and we concur that the events did indeed take place in that certain time frame. History is like police work, you piece together what one thinks happened based on the evidence available, like eye-witnesses or crime scene evidence. Historians can acknowledge these evidence and can say what happened during that time frame based on the evidence provided to us, like the police work. Nazis are basically the same thing since we study the evidence provided to us, like the video and artifacts of Nazism. In the movie, Die Welle, we can allegorize the events that occurred in the movie since after the autocracy nded, the students had many different perspectives about what happened. The events that occured in the movie can be seen in many different ways, it can be seen as very unorthodox since the experiment caused chaos and ultimately a student to get shot. Much like the Nazi-soldiers when their reign was over, many just panicked and killed themselves because they could not handle, the truth, that it was over. Much like when the wave ended and the kid took out his gun. George orwell said: â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future†. Does this relate to historical knowledge? To what extent can we trust historical â€Å"knowledge† since we didn’t experience it first-hand? This is a question we should all ask ourselves since this knowledge issue applies in a colossal way to the movie. We saw autocracy as a bad thing since it caused so much damage in the community, and even one youngster getting shot. Can we think of a way of governing a body of people as good or bad since it has been seen to be proven effective throughout history? As the movie quotes, â€Å"autocracy provides discipline†. It’s like an opiate for the masses since an ideology can rule them all. In conclusion, the movie can be seen as a knowledge issue in historical facts since we weren’t there to experience the allegory between Nazi Germany and the Wave autocratical group. It also relates to, is all knowledge historical knowledge? Since we have history, we should learn from our mistakes. A good quote that shows why the wave is so representative of national socialism is: â€Å"You’re pissed off just because The Wave does not follow your rule! †.

Canadian Globalization Essay

Canadian scholar Marshall McLuhan once said that the world is becoming more and more like a â€Å"global village,† each nation part of an increasingly interconnected society that stretches across national boundaries (6). Although he was talking about the role of new media in this change, he also was probably talking about the growing economic links that come with globalization. Globalization is a process that offers both the opportunity for a better world and the risk of destroying local communities, regional cultures, and entire natural environments. Over the last century, globalization has become a major issue in politics, environmental studies, and economics, touching every corner of earth as corporations spread. But Globalization is a broad term that does not necessarily mean one single thing. It usually describes the increasing interconnectedness of economies, political institutions, and individuals as the result of communication, transportation, and goods provided by multinational corporations. As Justin Ervin and Zachary Smith define it, â€Å"Globalization can now be seen as a process that ‘shrinks’ the world as human interaction ‘thickens’† (4). The effects of globalization are neither good nor bad; there are costs and benefits as with most things in life. What is certain is that no nation on earth has not yet felt the effects of globalization. One nation that has been particularly involved in and affected by globalization is Canada. Canada is a nation often overshadowed by its economically dominant southern neighbor, the United States. As the world continues to globalize, Canada’s role in this expansion is becoming increasingly important, and whether it will accept globalization entirely or continue to resist is a major point of debate. Canada has both embraced and rejected globalization: many of its corporations embrace it as a means of expanding, but many of Canada’s people fear the effects of globalization on local culture, the economy, and the environment. For Canada, globalization has brought both economic prosperity and a series of cultural and environmental problems. In an address to the Richard Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario, Wayne G. Wouters, Clerk of the Privy council and Secretary to the Cabinet, there are five dimensions to globalization. First, â€Å"global capital markets now ruly operate 24/7† and â€Å"perturbations in one country or sector may now be felt both near and far. † Globalization has made business both quick in time and geographically broad. Second, there are now â€Å"global supply chains† where products are made and shipped all across the globe. What started out as â€Å"outsourcing† in the 1980s became â€Å"off-shoringâ €  in the 1990s, and now is called the â€Å"global supply chain. † Third, there is the â€Å"globalization of information,† an interconnected network of media and communication. Fourth, globalization raises environmental concerns. Last, there is what Wouters calls the â€Å"globalization of insecurity,† the idea that the future is even more uncertain in a world where everything is connected and nothing is stable for long. These dimensions highlight that globalization is seen in Canada as both a force for good and a problem. Throughout its history Canada has had strong ties to Europe and later to the United States. As part of the British Empire it was an important source of natural resources such as timber and ores. In recent decades, the Canadian oil industry has become increasingly important as well. Canada has the third largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (Lewis and Moor). Other industries such as technology, chemicals, and manufacturing continue to make Canada a major player in the world economy. But what does the continued growth of Canadian industry and its own involvement with globalization do to its regional cultures? How is Canadian identity affected by the spread of products and ideas from multinational corporations? How can Canada embrace globalization without sacrificing its natural and national resources? All of these questions are important when we look at the role of Canada on the global stage. Most importantly, it must be rightly remembered that the effects of globalization on Canada are not entirely beneficial or entirely damaging, demonstrating that globalization is both an agent of positive change and potential dangers. As a European colony founded mainly for trade, you might say that Canada has always been global. It has attracted people from all over the world . It was only in the 1920s that the US finally replaced Britain as the â€Å"leading provider of foreign investment in Canada† (Azzi). As David Lewis and Karl Moor note, tariffs and high taxes kept Canada relatively isolated as far as international trade goes until after World War II. In 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) opened up the Canadian economy by reducing tariffs and taxes on imports and exports. According to Azzi and also to Ervin and Smith (19), this led directly to the growth of Canada’s international presence as a major worldwide economy. Later actions such as the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in 1989 led to more economic success (Azzi). This contributed to the fact that in 2012 Canada had $481. 7 billion in exports, the eleventh most of any country, although most of these exports are bought by the United States. More recently, Canada prospered through the 1990s and early 2000s. Then, after a 12 year surplus, Canada struggled in 2008 when the world economy started to decline. But Canadian banks came out of the crisis pretty well. In fact, according to the CIA Factbook, Canadian banks â€Å"emerged from the financial crises of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world. Canada also has one of the world’s largest economies, valued at $1. 5 trillion dollars annually. A recent report by Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, notes that globalization has been a generally positive force for Canada. He says that â€Å"hundreds of millions of people have already been lifted out of poverty, with the real potential for hundreds of millions more to share their destiny. † Carney points to Canada’s current participation in globalization as part of the nation’s second longest expansion, which he compares to the Roman Empire and the Industrial Revolution. Carney sees the trends toward better growth, such as the doubling of the Canadian labor force by 2050, as signs that Canada will prosper at home and abroad. Canada remains a powerhouse on the international stage. Stephen Azzi calls Canada â€Å"one of the most globally integrated countries in the world. † It belongs to 14 international organizations, â€Å"second only to the US, which is a member of 15† (Azzi). This has led to prosperity and increased influence on the world stage. Globalization provides many benefits for Canada as a whole. For example, Canada enjoys the second highest standard of living in the G-8, and the eighth highest standard of living overall (CIA Factbook). Canadians enjoy access to products from around the world, travel frequently, and foreign trade has increased the overall prosperity of Canada. This is especially true for its businesses. Canadian corporations are becoming more and more international over the last three decades, as recent studies have shown. In one The Russell Reynolds Associates conducted a survey to see how Canadian companies were adapting to the new global economy. The results showed in the report, â€Å"A World of Experience: The Globalization of Canadian Corporate Leadership,† suggests that Canadian companies are getting significantly more global at both the top and bottom of their levels. The Reynolds study took CEOs from Canada’s 100 largest corporations. It then measured how much international experience each of these executives had. According to the results the percentage of Canadian CEOs with international work experience rapidly increased between 1987 and 2007. What is even more interesting is that more and more Canadian CEOs are getting their international experience in countries other than the United States and Europe. This is a sure sign that Canadian companies are moving forward with a global perspective in mind. They are led by executives who understand that the world is interconnected now by â€Å"webs of global supply† (Reynolds). From Russell Reynolds and Associates Study 1987-2007 The Reynolds Report suggested that the benefits of participating in global markets are many. Their study also shows the importance of being able to trade internationally, since Canada is actively trying to become more global economically. It is especially important for Canada to look to the United States, one of the world’s most globalized economies. There has been a good deal of government action on both sides that have further globalized Canada. For example, the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was ratified in 1988, causing Canada’s business scene to change. New markets opened up and more trade connections were expanded than ever before. Afterwards the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 (WTO) built Canada’s role even further. According to Stephen Azzi, Canada’s role in the WTO has made it an important part of other large international financial organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. One of the main questions about globalization in Canada is how it strengthens the country’s connection with the United States. As the United States became one of the forefronters of globalization, Canada was also close behind. The expansion of the Canadian and global economies and the growth of emerging markets in developing nations improved trade and lowered investment barriers so that Canadian money could flow across the globe. Business was booming. Canadian firms began selling their products to other countries and creating â€Å"global supply chains and contracts. † Canadian companies also got access to lower-cost raw materials and cheaper labor. Even when foreign firms entered Canada’s markets which increased the competition faced by domestic firms: â€Å"By 2007, Canada’s foreign imports and exports equaled 62 percent of its GDP, compared with only 43 percent in 1987. When Canadian firms started selling their companies and products to globally recongnized and international countries, the competetion increased making others more dependent on Canada. The entire Canadian economy grew as a result. A recent CBS News report at the Summit of the Americas, â€Å"What is Globalization? † (March 30, 2006) discussed the debate over what globalization means in different places. Canada was an early supporter of trade and investment liberalization and remains so today. More than 40 per cent of the country’s economy depends directly on trade. The Canadian government thinks expanding trade and international investment is vital to the economy, but not everyone agrees. The definition of globalization from an anti-globalization group known as Anti-Marketing says globalization is â€Å"the process of exploiting economically weak countries by connecting the economies of the world, forcing dependence on (and ultimately subservience to) the western capitalist machine. † However, the report did not say that globalization did not have its fair share of problems. It pointed to problems of higher unemployment, lowered health care and decreased safety standards. It also pointed to the lower environmental protection standards, less effective government as corporations have more power, and less protection for developing industries and countries. Globalization can also provide easier communications due to improved technologies. This allows Canadian corporations to set up manufacturing plants in newly industrializing economies like China, India or Latin America where costs of production are lower. Although this often lowers the prices of goods, this also causes local Canadians to lose their jobs, resulting in discontentment, resentment, and loss in confidence in the Canadian government. Labor groups also dislike this effect of globalization. Often strikes and riots will be organized as the economy further suffers as companies continue to export jobs overseas. This problem is one that is both social and economic as local workers blame their economic problems on the outsourcing of labor. Worldwide communication also affects daily life in Canada. Canada is extremely well-connected to the rest of the world. According to Azzi, â€Å"the average Canadian spends more than 500 minutes per year on international telephone calls. † This communication goes beyond technology such as phones and internet. Canadians are also avid travelers. Canada has the forth most airports in the world (CIA Factbook). This increases the exchange of goods and ideas, making Canada a real hub. Of course, globalization has not met with universal acceptance. In his article â€Å"Globalization is Killing Canada: Fight for Your Freedom,† Paul Hellyer, Canada’s former Deputy Prime Minister, makes an argument against globalization. Hellyer sees globalization as part of the reason why Canadian values are disappearing and Canadian independence is being threatened. Hellyer even sees globalization as a threat to Canada’s sovereignty, saying that â€Å"Canadian values are disappearing rapidly as we lose our independence and our sovereignty. † He believes Canada is losing control of its most important industries and losing its most exciting and challenging jobs as companies move their headquarters to other parts of the world. Hellyer claims Canada has become a victim of globalization, a process that is good for two to five percent of the world’s richest and most powerful people. It is bad for the vast majority. Global cooperation is essential for protecting oceans, ozone global warming but the relentless drive on the part of multinational corporations and international banks to take over governance of the world for their own benefit has to stop before it’s too late. Mr. Hellyer details the history of Canadian globalization and sees that foreign companies are increasingly more powerful within Canada. He specifically points to Nafta as a treaty that â€Å"granted US and Mexican investors greater rights in Canada than Canadian citizens enjoy. Hellyer sees this as very problematic, and his title gives out his position on the matter. Even if he does think that it is â€Å"killing Canada,† Hellyer does not write off globalization entirely. In fact, he sees many positive things can come out of international cooperation. For example, he sees a need for countries to cooperate in order to restore the environment to its former glory. But Hellyer sees international corporations as more of a threat. He certainly fears the environmental effects of globalization, but he also seems to see that corporations might be the most appropriate way to repair the environment. Stephen Azzi sees similar problems, noting that the two major problems with globalization for Canada are an increased reliance on foreign economies and a greater dependence on the US. Azzi states that early attempts to broaden global trade ended up strengthening American commerical interests but not other nations. It is seen as a problem by many Canadians, and many â€Å"viewed multilateral trade agreements as a way of offsetting the influence of the US. † This problem is hard to ignore. Three quarters of all Canadian exports go to the United States (CIA Factbook). The resistance to globalization became most vocal in the 1960s and 70s. Nationalist movements in Canada saw globalization as a threat to national identity. There were protests by Canadians who were afraid that globalization might erase their local cultures and destroy the environment. The government took some actions to promote Canadian identity. One was the Canadian government establishing â€Å"content quotas for radio and television† and benefits for Canadian publications (Azzi). This was to promote Canadian media instead of being overwhelmed by American and British television, film, and publications. But this had little overall effect. Even when Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau tried to promote the Foreign Investment Review Agency in 1974 and the â€Å"Third Option† program to reduce economic and social dependence on the United States, there was little change. Canada stayed watching American programs and buying American products. More recently, Canadians have been involved in widespread opposition to globalization. At the 1999 World Trade Organization Summit in Seattle, many Canadians were involved in the protests. These protests turned violent, but led to international recognition that globalization had opponents even in a globalized country like Canada. At the 2001 Summit of the Americas in Quebec City there were similar protests. Canadian protesters felt that the country was falling into the hands of international corporations, particularly American ones. Instead of promoting regional cultures, these protesters felt that there was a â€Å"global monoculture . . . increasingly destroying local traditions† (Hellyer). That is the main threat to Canadian locals. Globalization in the past century has led to the increased exposure of Canada to the world. This has sometimes brought globalization into the news as a cause of social problems, especially immigration. Chain migration takes place in Canada, bringing large numbers of foreign migrants into the country. Although migrants can make a positive contribution to Canada’s economy, they can, on the other hand, work against the Canadian society by increasing the social tension between Canadian locals and foreigner migrants. For example, in the city of Richmond in the Vancouver metropolitan area, there are large numbers of Asian migrants and social tension between groups. Migrants also complete with Canadians for the same jobs. But population movement is made even more intense by improved transportation. It is significantly easier in recent years for families to relocate and for goods to be shipped from various countries around the world. The major effect of this increased interconnectedness is that populations have become highly mobile. People are not constrained to remain in a single place for their entire life but rather are now able to move about, often following multinational corporations for whom they work.

Tentacle - Definition of Tentacle

Tentacle - Definition of Tentacle Definition When used in a zoological context, the term tentacle refers to a slender, elongated, flexible organ that grows near the mouth of an animal. Tentacles are most common in invertebrates, although they are present in some vertebrates as well. Tentacles serve a variety of functions and can help the animal to move, feed, grasp objects, and gather sensory information. Examples of invertebrates that possess tentacles include squid, cuttlefish, bryozoa, snails, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Examples of vertebrates that posses tentacles include caecilians and star-nosed moles. Tentacles belong to a group of biological structures known as muscular hydrostats. Muscular hydrostats consist mostly of muscle tissue and lack skeletal support. The fluid in a muscular hydrostat is contained within the muscle cells, not in an internal cavity. Examples of muscular hydrostats include the foot of a snail, the body of a worm, a human tongue, an elephant trunk, and octopus arms. One important clarification should be noted about the term tentacle- although tentacles are muscular hydrostats, not all muscular hydrostats are tentacles. This means that the eight limbs of an octopus (which are muscular hydrostats) are not tentacles; they are arms. When used in a botanical context, the term tentacle refers to the sensitive hairs on the leaves of some plants, such as carnivorous plants.

The Best ACT Vocabulary Lists on the Web

The Best ACT Vocabulary Lists on the Web SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips This could take a while. Do you need to study vocabulary for the ACT but aren’t sure where to start? We have links to free lists of ACT vocab from around the web. We also have found other vocab study resources – from videos to apps to browser plug-ins – to help you study ACT-specific vocabulary. A Few Words of Advice: Don’t Overdo Vocab Vocabulary on the ACT is far from the most important thing you can be doing to prep. You won’t be tested on obscure words or need to memorize definitions to be successful. Spending hours memorizing difficult, arcane vocab words will not help you on the ACT. This is because the ACT tests moderate-difficulty words in the context of sentences, and focuses on words with multiple meanings. For more on this, read our article on ACT vocabulary – it’s a must read before you begin to study! In short, make sure you don’t just memorize vocabulary and assume it will get you ready for ACT English and ACT Reading. You need to focus on being able to define vocabulary in context and recognize multiple-meaning words. Many prep programs over-emphasize memorizing vocabulary because it’s easy to teach. Still, learning vocabulary does matter for the ACT (we recommend using the waterfall method to study), which is why we’re including word lists and resources here. Keep in mind that you should view vocabulary as just one component of ACT Reading and English. Don’t neglect studying grammar rules or practicing for the reading section. It's important to keep your ACT studying regimen balanced. Don't spend so much time on one skill you neglect another. ACT Vocabulary Word Lists As we discussed above, the ACT is all about testing vocabulary in context, rather than strange, obscure words. Beware of any super-long word lists that claim to be for the ACT – they are likely just old SAT word lists with a different title. Focus on learning medium-difficulty words really well so you know them in context, and less on learning as many words as possible. I recommend starting with our PrepScholar list. We focus on words with multiple meanings that are likely to appear on the ACT. Our 150 ACT wordsalso includes some vocabulary to help you on the science section. If you are still struggling with vocabulary after learning our 150 words, you can also learn these 100 words from Scholastic. This is technically an ACT/SAT list, but focuses on medium-difficulty words that appeared in a Scholastic publication, so it will be helpful for the ACT. Finally, you can learn 50 more science-specific vocabulary words to help with the science section. Once you have these words under your belt, you will have the base you need to do well on ACT Reading and English. Memorizing more words will have diminishing returns, since again, obscure words aren’t tested on the ACT. And more importantly, you need to practice being able to define words in context. Doing ACT Practice sections will be just as helpful for learning that skill. Memorizing hundreds of vocab words will not. Flashcards, Games, and Other Resources Here are some additional free web resources that can be really helpful for learning ACT vocabulary, and specifically for learning words in context of larger articles or passages. The first two would be great resources for any student. The last two are helpful for students who are auditory learners or learn best by example. Quizlet This is a flashcard website which you can use to learn vocabulary words. If you make an account, you can use their website but also mobile apps for iPhone and Android – meaning you can study whenever you find yourself with a free moment. You can search through thousands of pre-existing flashcard sets on Quizlet. You can either make your own sets using the lists above or search for â€Å"ACT vocabulary† to access pre-made flashcards other users have made. Just be careful you don’t pull up a supposed â€Å"ACT Vocab† card set that is really just old SAT vocabulary. (Any lists longer than 250 words are too long.) You can also search for â€Å"ACT Science† to review more science vocabulary. I personally used this app all the time in college for my language classes and found its format very helpful. I could make flashcards on Quizlet much faster than writing them out by hand. Plus, I would pull up the app whenever I found myself with spare time (waiting in line somewhere, for example) and study a few words. ProfessorWord This is an app for your browser that pulls ACT vocabulary words from articles and pages and defines them for you. This is really cool because if you read articles online, particularly in publications like The Economist, Time, or The New Yorker, you are encountering tons of ACT vocabulary words. This app just goes through and points them out so you don’t miss them! This is an excellent way to learn words in context, which is super useful to prepare for ACT Reading and English. Even if you read just one article a day, by going though the highlighted words and testing your knowledge of them, you can improve your ability to define words in context. This is a great way to practice for ACT vocabulary, and also a fun way, if you like reading articles and blogs. "No, Mom, I'm not just reading Game of Thrones recaps for fun, this is for the ACT!" Image via Wired. Vocab Ahead If you learn better with concepts explained aloud to you, check out the videos at Vocab Ahead. Rather than just giving you a dictionary definition, they also use vocabulary words in sentences, with animations to match, to help you learn. Head to the â€Å"Study Room† tab to find the vocabulary videos. You can go through the â€Å"SAT Common 300† list, as it has a lot of words that overlap with ACT vocabulary. You can also go to the â€Å"Master† list to look up words you are having trouble with. Vocab Sushi If you like online quizzes, Vocab Sushi is a fun website that lets you test your vocab knowledge with quizzes and teaches vocab words by using them in sentences. This site is especially useful for the ACT since it emphasizes meaning in context. Vocab Sushi draws example sentences from real-life newspapers and magazines, helping you see how words are actually used in the real world. This is a great way to learn vocabulary in the way the ACT tests it – through context. What’s Next? What else do you need besides vocab to do well on the ACT? Learn 5 Critical Concepts you need to ace the ACT English section. We mentioned that the ACT focuses on vocabulary in context. Read more about that and get strategies for ACT reading. Read up on the 4 types of ACT reading passages, and learn how to stop running out of time on ACT reading. You might have heard the ACT doesn’t have a guessing penalty – but how can you use this to your advantage and guess effectively? Read about guessing strategies for the ACT. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cold War - Essay Example It is called Cold War because the relations were icy at the least and never reached boiling point to bring on a shooting war. It is also 'cold' because each try to undermine each other's political power. There were several zones where potentially both were at loggerheads and where another WW III could have ensued had hotter heads prevailed. In West Berlin, Russia blockaded this US,UK and France-controlled zone with a wall that made the latter construe that they were intentionally entrapped. A dtente ensued when US did a massive airlifting of supplies instead of using force. In the Iron Curtain, Stalin convinced these Slav and Balkan countries to accept communism as form of government because Russia needed them as buffer states against Germany but the Allies construed this as an intense its brand of government. In Greece and Turkey, Russia frowned upon when there the Truman Doctrine was applied i.e. US provided funds and massive aid so that both may be able to resist communist attempts to subjugate them. In Western Europe, the US came up with the Marshall Plan, which was a multi-billion aid program to reconstruct the almost bankrupt nations ravaged by WW II. Russia reacted with consternation because that would make it difficult for them to foment dissension and discontent. Then the NATO, composed of USA, Britain, Canada and Western Europe including West Germany was established for the purpose of mutually securing themselves from possible communist military aggression. Despite the overweening tension and intensified hostilities, no full-scale war emanated. And this was because USA had invented the atomic bomb and displayed how it can resolve conflicts with dire consequences. It is because of the development of these atomic and hydrogen bombs, missiles and other arsenals of war and because of the complexity of plans involved in upsetting the rival that espionage became a necessary tool to outwit the rival. As early as the 1920's, USSR through its NKVD and OGPU intelligence agents, had already penetrated the State and the War Departments and other government agencies by recruiting left-leaning Americans, foreign-born Americans and Russians as spies to obtain classified and confidential secrets and transmit3 them to Moscow as microfilms or as encrypted cables. Then, the interest of the Russian spy ring was the industrial and military secrets of USA and the first target for infiltration was the FAECT(Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians) and with satisfying results (Usdin 28). In one case, it was discovered that espionage had reached the top echelon of the State Department with Alger Hiss, one of its top officials caught flatfooted when Time Magazine editor Whittaker Chambers, himself a confessed Soviet agent, showed and testified that Hiss passed on to him a microfilm of State Department documents. Even the film industry was not spared as the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee), alarmed by the trend of left-leaning films, interrogated directors