Managerial Decision in Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Administrative Decision in Supply Chain - Essay Example Flexibly chain is a key component to progress or a disappointment of today’s business. This is on the grounds that getting the right items to customers isn't just the key player to serious achievement, yet in addition the answer for endurance. As per Industrial Marketing Management Journal, administrative choices to forestall disappointment in the development of products and enterprises are significant (Handfield, and Bechtel, 2002:367). The choices should focus to react to the market prerequisites with by and large effectiveness. This issue falls on the administration. The administration should configuration sound methodologies to react quickly to the consumer’s requests. Also, the techniques should deal with the ever-evolving markets. This is the best way to keep up and carry an upper hand to the market. For flexibly chain to stay proficient, it should focus on decrease of cost. Moreover, the gracefully chain ought to maintain a strategic distance from wastage of asse ts of non-esteem included exercises. The administrative choices should center to determine exchange off among responsive and effectiveness (Handfield, and Bechtel, 2002:369). This paper analyzes the administrative choices that expansion responsiveness of the gracefully chains. ... To accomplish this, it requires the administration to settle on trustworthy choices to react well to the client requests or changes in showcase. This is on the grounds that every client has explicit arrangement of requirements. A few markets require elevated level of responsiveness and others focus on adequacy. The general impact of settling on reasonable choices in regards to every driver sets up the affectivity with which the gracefully chain serves its market for most extreme benefits for the members in the flexibly chain (Minnich, and Maier, 2008:3). The basic principle from writings holds that for accomplishment of flexibly chain administrators ought to know about changes in the serious market condition. The administrators should then re-arrange the flexibly chain to fulfill the authentic needs of the shoppers. This quick reaction decides the adjustment of firms and gracefully chain to the requirements of the ever-changing markets to make enduring serious progress. This implies strategy structuring, and changes are significant to react well to the flexibly chain in the five regions of the organization. These are creation, transportation, data, stock, and area. The managers’ choices on the methodologies they should concentrate on the current circumstance. The choice should attempt to accomplish the lower expenses of merchandise and ventures. This is an issue, which many gracefully supervisors wrestle with. It thusly implies that the supervisors ought to pick between two systems methods of reasoning. The administration can either exhibit a high response to purchasers at any expense. The other route is to decrease squander so as to accomplish greatest benefits (Minnich and Maier, 2008:3). The administrative choices should focus on contriving sound procedures and key execution pointers that rewards

Pointing out the satirical elements of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker's Essay

Calling attention to the sarcastic components of Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example While the novel apparently happens in the inaccessible future, it’s away from some of the topical concerns analyzed in the novel have contemporary pertinence. In such matters, scholars and pundits have contended that in enormous part the novel is ironical. This exposition thinks about the novel as one of parody, contending that through the piece of machinery that takes steps to destroy Arthur Dent’s house and later Earth, the slanted political Zaphod Beeblebrox, and the danger of the Vogon verse perusing, Douglas Adams mocks social, political, and abstract components. One of the primary ironical components investigated in the novel is the infringement of improvement and innovation on our every day lives. From the earliest starting point of the novel reference is made to a looming piece of machinery that is outside Arthur Dent’s home. The following scene in the novel discovers Arthur Dent lying on the ground endeavoring to prevent the piece of machinery from oblit erating his home. It’s during this time Ford Prefect shows up. He is portrayed as being from, â€Å"somewhere in the region of Betelgeuse† (Adams, pg. 5). Portage can persuade the piece of machinery administrator to lay on the ground instead of Arthur Dent, so the two men can go to the bar. While this piece of the novel is apparently foolish and comedic, it additionally can be contended to have sarcastic meanings. In such matters, the piece of machinery can be perused as the infringement of improvement on the holiness of day by day life. Gouge gets meaningful of a point of view that is endeavoring to clutch these old world qualities. From another point of view, the piece of machinery can likewise be perused as the infringement of innovation on our day by day lives. While during the hour of the novel’s development the web and person to person communication weren’t as unavoidable, this exposition contends that piece of the text’s enduring force is it s capacity to keep on speaking to a contemporary crowd. In such matters, the piece of machinery infringing on Arthur’s house can be perused as an allegory of the mechanical parts of the web and long range interpersonal communication infringing on our day by day lives; the remainder of the novel at that point can be perused as a kind of opposition of this innovative progression. The following mocking component concerns the idea of Zaphod Beeblebrox. Beeblebrox is the President of the Imperial Galactic Government. His appearance comes out-of-sync in the storyline and appears to have an underlining reason. Beeblebrox is giving a fantastical portrayal in the story. He is depicted as a, â€Å"adventurer, ex-hippy, great clock, hyper self-marketing expert, who is horrendously awful at individual connections, and frequently thought to be totally out somewhere else (Adams, pg. 34). The ruler is depicted as existing on a remote location and going to uncover the Heart of Gold to the u niverse. Kind nature gives off an impression of being a kind of starship government venture that has inside it a gold box. As a general rule, it’s demonstrated that Zaphod and the Heart of Gold have terrible aims to take the new starship. This scene is unmistakably unpredictable and generally appears to have a comedic component that propels the account. In any case, from another point of view it’s clear the Zaphod speaks to an advanced kind of legislator. In such matters, one can consider his portrayal of being on an island as the comparability of a lawmaker being expelled from the masses they are intended to help. The name of the Heart of Gold venture is additionally demonstrative of the kind of social government assistance and well meaning task on might imagine from lawmakers. The name

Punctuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses

Accentuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses Accentuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses Accentuating Sentences with Disguised Subordinate Clauses By Mark Nichol Normally, a subordinate provision is self-evident, as on account of this one you’re perusing at the present time. Naturally, you know to isolate it from the principle condition (in the past sentence, the initial six words) with a comma. Be that as it may, now and then, as in every one of the accompanying sentences, the principal word in the subordinate condition may beguile the writer’s eye. Conversation and modification for every model gives lucidity. 1. You may present a record in an alternate configuration given that the substance is equivalent to in the connected format. Essayists might be befuddled into imagining that in this sentence, gave is an action word, however it is a combination (which means â€Å"on the condition†) filling in as a scaffold between the fundamental proviso and the subordinate statement, and it must be gone before by a comma: â€Å"You may present a document in an alternate configuration, given that the substance is equivalent to in the joined template.† Alternatively, the two provisos can be switched, in spite of the fact that in this form, the setting isn't as clear: â€Å"Provided that the substance is equivalent to in the connected layout, you may present a record in an alternate format.† 2. Insurance agencies and other monetary administrations are probably going to go with the same pattern given comparative weights in their business sectors from new participants. Similarly as in the past model, a combination for this situation, given-is effectively mistaken for an action word. Here, as above, it interfaces a primary condition with a subordinate statement, and a comma ought to go before it: â€Å"Insurance organizations and other money related administrations are probably going to take action accordingly, given comparable weights in their business sectors from new entrants.† However, for this situation, the sentence streams better if the subordinate provision is embedded into the center of the sentence as an incidental: â€Å"Insurance organizations and other monetary administrations, given comparative weights in their business sectors from new contestants, are probably going to follow suit.† 3. The mentor sought after a headliner just to have an arrangement miss the mark. Here, the connecting word (just, here importance â€Å"with the outcome that†) is a verb modifier instead of a combination, yet the capacity is comparative, and the requirement for a former comma is continued: â€Å"The mentor sought after a headliner, just to have an arrangement fall just short.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Homograph ExamplesDifference among Squeezing and IroningArtist versus Craftsman

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Morals - Essay Example The Chinese human advancement concentrated on agribusiness. Taoism and Confucianism went about as the two fundamental schools of musings and Chinese way of thinking. The association of Chinese human advancement with nature has driven its kin to increase a thankfulness and reverence towards nature (Gao, 2012). The Chinese culture exceptionally esteem nature. The esteeming of nature in this culture results from enthusiastic impacts. Chinese craftsmanship, for example, planting, scene painting and verse has a cozy relationship with nature. This shows the quest for nature with concordance is a consistent occasion and exertion in Chinese social practice and theory. The Chinese culture sees nature as a self-creating procedure of proliferation and creation of life. The Chinese economy intensely depends on assembling and trading, which prompts colossal ecological debasement. Also, China has made tremendous interests in the abuse of normal assets in Asia and African nations. This likewise prompts monstrous ecological corruption in light of overexploitation. The cooperations of Chinese social orders with nature are impacted by the idea of chi that assumes a vital job in Chinese way of thinking. The ideas of chi and compassion gigantically impact the Chinese valuation for nature. Chinese way of thinking sees nature as a natural framework that is consistently self-creating. The idea of chi is fundamental in the moral communication and energy about nature. Chi contains both profound and material importance (Gao, 2012). Cheng Chung-Ying states that chi contains epistemological, supernatural and logical hypothesis and tasteful measurement (Cheng, 1986, 356). Chi has trademark includes that are firmly interconnected. These highlights are imagination, vacancy and progression. Congruity implies that chi is the fundamental part that makes everything. Subsequently, all spaces and things are

Othello Essay Essay Example

Othello Essay Paper In act 5 scene 2 of the dramatization ‘Othello’ . we witness Othello executing his wedded lady Desdemona in light of the fact that Iago fooled him into accepting that she was executing criminal discussion. All through the dramatization Iago tricked Othello into accepting that his wedded lady was tear offing on him. this account line flood tides in this closing scene when Othello slaughters Desdemona so takes his ain life in regret. In the wake of perusing William Shakespeare’s legitimate. wrote in the nineteenth century. I watched Oliver Parkers film variant ( 1995 ) . The lighting. outfits. camera shootings. music. landscape and histrions were completely used to incredible result to depict the play that followed in the ilm. We will compose a custom article test on Othello Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Othello Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Othello Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As in all film variants there are numerous distinctions to the account line. mostly on the grounds that the book portraying what is going on out of sight is non required in a film as should be obvious what is going on. This is outlined in lines 20-22 as they are overlooked in light of the fact that they are unneeded because of the plugging point up shootings. which plainly show Othello crying. Appearance and world is a subject which reoccurs all through Othello. what's more, plays a significant capacity. This subject has its generally ground-breaking and sensational acknowledgment in the character of Iago. Iago fools everybody in the show into accepting he’s legitimate. for in spite of the fact that he is alled ‘honest’ by about everybody in the show. he is temperamental. beguiling. also, manipulative. Nobody even presumes him of dishonesty. until the finishing up act when Roderigo preeminent acknowledges how seriously he’s been tricked. In short. Iago demonstrates that abhorrent purposes can be conceal behind a facade of honestness. The subject rises in different characters: Brabantio is misled by Desdemona’s response to Othello. assuming she fears him when she truly adores the Moor. Othello speculates that Desdemona is misleading and sullied. in spite of the fact that she is genuinely inculpable and guiltless. Othello other than feels he’s being hoodwinked by Cassio. whom he trusts and ho seems steadfast. Emilia’s outside proposes salty lack of concern. be that as it may, she betrays her hubby and kicks the bucket in defiance of Desdemona. It is the military qualities. for example, honestness. trust and inviting relationship. which should be between fighters permit Iago to full make things happen the characters. ( Othello. 1995 ) On the issues of subject visual perspective versus world. Othello and individual characters place incredible dependance on their eyes and in settling on so they bounce to choices. There rather a couple of outlines where there is a type of disarray in that characters accept n simply their eyes demonstrate to them. subsequently. Looks can so be truly lead oning. One models where the subject visual angle versus world comes into result. is when Othello spots Cassio strolling off in the wake of addressing Desdemona. This framed the balance of jealousy and offered ascend to instinct for which Laga was mindful as he made Othello conscious that an issue was taking topographic point among Cassio and Desdemona. In truth Laga was the 1 who was greedy. In Othello the utilization of creative mind and etymological correspondence by Parker is sighifant it shows the importance since it causes us to see the main subjects. The main subjects are nature. noticeable radiation. snake pit and corruption. Othello. 1995 ) Iago says ‘I’ll empty this plague into his ear’ in the monolog I think the creator utilized the representation since it is useful on the grounds that Iago says lies and equivocations resemble an infection or toxicant which shows how his equivocations are to devastate Othello. The plague implies sickness so this implies Iago expressing frightful equivocations. In the location Iago makes numerous notices to hellfire. Fallen angels will the blackest sins’ I think the essayist put it a cluster of notices to damnation since it reflects Iago’s character and shows how dim the story is. The crowd may accept other than that Iago is the Satan. So the subject here is one of murkiness and impropriety. In Iago’s monolog Iago utilizes the word ‘Moor’ a bunch. This shows Othello is ever on Iago’s head and it shows he loathes Othello. In the monolog the contacts among highly contrasting is other than utilized as a representation ‘virtue into pitch’ among Othello and Desdemona In the film Othello coordinated by Oliver Parker Iago’s monolog speaks to a bunch about his character. Before all else Iago’s face is in a clump of shadow. This shows Iago is two-timing in light of the fact that the shadow shows different sides of his face. At the point when Iago says ‘I play the villian’he contacts his ear. This is an imprint proposing he is lying and encountering anxious so the position adjustments to a to a greater extent a restless subject. Iago is put in obscurity. somewhat blue dim toward the starting to represent he is a dull. malicious character. He talks just as the crowd is his companions toward the start. Iago gazes out into the out when he is talking about Desmonda. This tells he is accepting about the best way to nail down her. At the point when Iago is talking about Othello. Iago gestures in the method of the castle. By making this he is demoing that he is ever insightful of Othello and stressed that he may get discovered. Iago modifications quickly when he say’ Divinity degree Fahrenheit snake pit! ’ He voice becomes lower and progressively genuine. This is on the grounds that he is revealing increasingly more of his program to nail down them all. Iago keeps oculus contact with the crowd now. This shows he needs to influence the crowd in his program what's more to demo that he genuinely needs to do Othello experience harming. The music at begins calm so becomes stronger. The music begins the line ‘Divinity of snake pit! ’ This is on the grounds that he reviled and he going increasingly more darker in what he says. Violin strings do the music ; this makes a frightening music. which is only option to demo how abhorrent and unpleasant Iago is. Towards the terminal of the location Iago moves towards the fire. The reddish flames of the fire speak to Iago’s malicious side since bronzed is normal related with snake pit Iago holds the seething terminal of a fire log and snuffs it with the thenar of his clench hand expressing. ‘So will I transform her goodness into pitch’ . what's more, out of her ain goodness make the internet that will ensnarl them all. This shows Iago needs to use Desdemona in his impropriety program and by using her he will divert her from being white and unadulterated ( ‘virtue’ ) into non so unadulterated ( ‘pitch’ ) . At the point when Iago shuts his guardianships in the location. This speaks to him pin bringing down them all. On the off chance that I were coordinating this scene premier I would hold had hints of air current to demo the nearness of indecency. I would hold Iago have oning wear dull shaded attire. to demo the crowd that he is dim. At the point when Iago references Othello he says ‘Moor’ so when he says ‘Moor’ I would hold him attract an irate face to demo his contempt towards Othello. At the point when Iago says’ She’s surrounded as fruitful’ He should express that genuinely sensibly and grin however in a mocking way to demo that Othello thinks the universe of her. At that point he ought to adjust from a sensibly voice to a genuine voice when he says ‘then for her. to win the Moor again’ . By making this he is demoing his program on the grounds that he’s using Desdemona magnificence and inasuns to procure O thello. At the point when Iago asks logical request, for example, ‘How am I so a villain’ he should take a gander at them camera to the crowd and wink a spot to demo that he realizes he is non guiltless yet he despite everything attempts to do everyone accept that he is. Towards the terminal of the location when Iago says ‘So will I transform her into temperance into pitch. What's more, out of her decency make the internet. that will ensnarl them all. ’ He ought to be perched on the harvest time messing around in the irt. so as he is expressing the line he should get the dirt put it over his manus thus do a clench hand with the rest of the dirt to demo that he is pin bringing down them all. The music ought to be as yet unpleasant however somewhat darker like more fiddles ought to be added to do the music darker. This would be acceptable in light of the fact that it would demo Iago is significantly darker. The music ought to get away from calmer yet so turn stronger at the line ‘Divinity of snake pit! I feel the music should be on all through the monolog to demo how dim Iago is. Iago’s point ‘make the net. That will ensnarl them all’ ; is extremely effective in light of the fact that Iago preeminent snares Roderigo by expressing that he will et Desdemona for him. Iago following snares Cassio by gaining him rummy thus Cassio misfortune his occupation. Following Iago traps Desdemona by doing her request that Othello give Cassio his occupation back so Othello thinks she is holding an issue. Iago effectively traps Othello into accepting that his ain wedded lady is holding undertaking with no solid apt proof. Numerous expires go on. Desdemona kicks the bucket. Rodergio kicks the bucket. Iago wedded lady kicks the bucket and Othello bites the dust. Iago has caught them all since they all shakers and he got his counter on Othello. There are numerous uses of illuming in a film. Oliver Parker utilizes illuming to extraordinary result at he get bringing down of Act 5 Scene 2. He lays everything out by using truly quieted lighting ; this method mirrors the close by moment of retribution and Othello’s. dim dull casing of head. Desdemona’s chamber a tiny bit at a time gets darker as Othello stifles the shapes as

Free Press Release Templates for Events, Product Launches, Book Releases and More

Free Press Release Templates for Events, Product Launches, Book Releases and More With current consumer trends leaning toward online news, press releases are more important than ever for attracting positive media attention and, in the process, new clients. To help you make sure your event, new product launch, album or book release reaches the right audiences, weve put together several press release templates based on these purposes to guide you as you write.The point of a press release is to give the media all of the pertinent details it needs to advertise for you across publishing channels. If you want to make this process as smooth as possible, you do it by ensuring that the editor or writer has the basic who, what, when, where, and why responses needed to publish the right information.The point of a press release is to give the media all of the pertinent details it needs to advertise for you across publishing channels. If you want to make this process as smooth as possible, you do it by ensuring that the editor or writer has the basic who, what, when, where, an d why responses needed to publish the right information.First, look for editorial guidelinesPublications, whether online or print, tend to know their core audiences and what these audiences want. Publications also have tight deadlines, especially for-print outlets who have to meet printing and distribution schedules by specific dates. To make the process easier, they tend to set specific guidelines for what they expect to be included in press releases, so if youre submitting a press release to a specific outletâ€"go to their website and look at the submission guidelines they have posted there.Next, select a press release template that fits your purposeIf youre writing a standard press release for a company newsletter or press release distribution service, like PR Newswire, check out this post on a foolproof way to write a press release (with samples) for more general guidelines on formatting and writing one.For more specific press releases, these templates should give you a good sta rting point. Feel free to add additional quotes, if relevant, and be sure to include information about whos providing the quotes and why theyre experts on the topic.Event press release templateMedia ReleaseHeadline: [Business or Organization name] Hosts/Presents [event name]Sub-header: [Optional sub-header that builds on the headline][City, State]â€"On [Date], [company/individual] will host/present [name of event], taking place at [location of event]. This event will feature [performers, speakers, special guests, bands, contests, silent auctions, etc.][Company/individual] is proud to bring [name of event] to [location of event] for [the first time, the tenth year in a row, etc.]. There will be [further details about what will happen at the event, food vendors, etc.] and it is [open to the public].Tickets can be purchased by [website or box office issuing tickets] and are available for [price of tickets for VIP, general admission, etc.] For more information about the event, contact [ contact information].  [Quote from a performer, guest, previous attendees, critics, etc.][The final paragraph should be about the company/individual, event and/or any prominent performers and/or guests].[If you have a video, photo, or graphic advertising the event, you can attach it here on the press release]Contact: [Contact name][Contact address][Contact city, state, zip code][Contact phone number][Contact email address]New product press release templateMedia ReleaseHeadline: [Business or Organization name] Announces the Release of [Product name]Sub-header: [Optional sub-header that builds on the headline][City, State]â€"[Company/Corporation] is excited to announce the launch of [product], a [description of product] that will [what will this product do?]. The official launch date for [name of product] is [date the product will launch or be available for purchase].[Quote from designer, developer, etc. about the usefulness of the product, who it will appeal to, or any marketing blur bs pre-written about the products purpose and potential market. If your product replaces a competitors similar product at a lower price, this is a good place to mention that, as well. You can also discuss earlier versions of it that have been enhanced or changed to add to its marketability.][This paragraph should include additional details about the product launch event, if there is one, or details about when and where consumers can purchase the product or try it out at a showcase/ free testing event/formal launch ceremony.][The final paragraph should be about your company and any prominent people who were involved in this product launch].Contact: [Contact name][Contact address][Contact city, state, zip code][Contact phone number][Contact email address]New album press release templateMedia ReleaseHeadline: [Business or Organization name] Hosts/Presents [Event name]Sub-header: [Optional sub-header that builds on the headline][City, State]â€"{Record company and/or Artist} announces th e [latest, debut, etc.] album from [artist], [title of album], available everywhere on [date of official release]. [Album title] is [description of the album, including genre, reviewer quotes, and information about any party or event associated with the albums release].[Quotes from the artist, label representative and/or any music critics who received early copies of the album]. [If there are singles that have been released prior, mention those, as well as their reception, such as download/streaming statistics or comments left by YouTube audiences or influencers who have seen the videos for the singles and posted about it online.][The final paragraph should contain more details about the artist and/or label, including artists relationship with label and how long they have been working together].[If you are submitting a hard copy of your press release, consider uploading media-ready image files to a cloud server and include the address where these can be found. Alternatively, you can include an email address or contact information for who to contact for a high-resolution image file of the albums cover and/or the bands still or concert photography to be included in articles, calendars or social media shares.]Contact: [Contact name][Contact address][Contact city, state, zip code][Contact phone number][Contact email address]New book press release templateMedia ReleaseHeadline: [Publishing companys name] to Release [Book title] By [Authors name]Sub-header: [Optional sub-header that builds on the headline][Publishing company or promo company] is excited to announce the release of [name of book] by [authors name]. [Novels name] is the [debut title, first installment, final installment…of the [series name].[This paragraph could include any of the following, for example: An anecdote about the author, a review or quote from another author in the genre, why the author chose this topic or genre, any awards that the book might have already received, information about pro motional efforts or events that are planned for a later date, or any endorsement the book has received from a celebrity or influencer.][If there is a particular audience this book will appeal to, mention it here, including any buzz words that might attract attention.][This paragraph should contain information about where the book can be purchased, both online and in stores, if applicable. All writing should be in third-person point-of-view.][The final paragraph should contain additional information about the author, including other books that he or she may have published. If previous books have received awards, or you have sales statistics, you can briefly mention those here, as well.][If you have any high-resolution images of the books cover, include that as an attachment if the press release is submitted digitally. If you are submitting a hard copy of your press release, consider uploading media-ready image files to a cloud server and include the address where these can be found. Alternatively, you can include an email address or contact information for who to contact for a high-resolution image file of the books cover and/or the authors headshot to be included in articles, calendars or social media shares.]Contact: [Contact name][Contact address][Contact city, state, zip code][Contact phone number][Contact email address]

Inscribing Beloved The Importance of Writing in Morrisons Novel - Literature Essay Samples

In an essay entitled Writing, Race, and the Difference it Makes, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. discusses the way in which over the course of history, a binary has existed between whiteness and writing, blackness and silence. Summarizing this tradition, he writes, Human beings wrote books. Beautiful books were reflections of sublime genius. Sublime genius was the province of the EuropeanBlacks, and other people of color, could not write' (56). Attacking a tradition of European writers including Kant, Hegel, and Bacon, Gates outlines the way in which whites asserted their superiority through writing, and maintained that superiority through the suppression of black voices or pens. For example, a 1740 South Carolina Statute made black literary mastery unlawful, thereby preventing blacks from developing the tools to break out of the inherent hierarchy (58).In the final pages of Toni Morrisons Beloved, when Sethe pleads, I made the ink, Paul D. He couldnt have done it if I hadnt made the in k (271) she alludes to a larger theme of the novel, and one with which Gates is extremely concerned the relationship of writing to the institution of slavery. The ink to which she refers is the product of her labors as a slave; it is the substance that Schoolteacher takes from her in order to write a white supremacist discourse and perpetuate slavery. Acts of writing or inscription in the novel, as is true in much of literature, represent assertions of agency. Conversely, the inability to write symbolizes a loss of agency, as does becoming the object of inscription. By writing Beloved, Morrison gives voice not only to the murdered infant, but also to Sethes lost ink, attempting to ventriloquize the slave woman and provide a way for contemporary readers to confront the issue of slavery. Revisiting a time when whites controlled the power of inscription under the institution of slavery, Morrison first presents a series of images that dramatize the suppression of black agency thro ugh inscription Sethes ink, and the scar on her back and then presents another series of images that attempt to counteract that inscription. By asserting her own black, female identity on the white pages of the novel, Morrison nullifies the process of white inscription that took place during slavery. Just as the ghost Beloved haunts 124 and the novel as a whole, the novel itself haunts contemporary society, demonstrating an alternative to the tradition of white inscription.I must mention here that Paul Ds recollections of having the bit in his mouth vividly and effectively symbolize the assertion of white agency through the silencing of black voice, as does Sethes recollection of having bitten her tongue while being whipped. However, the treatment of speech and voice is beyond the limits of this paper, so I shall for the present deal solely with the occurrences of writing in the novel.The first of two central images of suppression is Schoolteachers act of stealing the ink. The ink, like a child, is the product of Sethes labor. That ink represents her ability to control her destiny, to rise up against the association of blackness with silence and inferiority, and to do what Gates calls write [herself] out of slavery (66). Schoolteacher does not merely confiscate the ink; he exploits it to write history and perpetuate the white supremacist discourse of slavery. As Sethe laments at the end of the novel, He couldnt have done it if I hadnt made the ink (271). Paralleling the way in which white slave masters raped their slaves in order to perpetuate the commodity, Schoolteacher robs Sethe of the fruits of her labor the ink in order to inscribe the discourse of slavery. While Sethe has the potential to write her own history, that potential is shattered in the robbing of her ink, and the white supremacist inscription that ensues.Sethes scar is the other major symbol of negative inscription, and the multiple ways it is interpreted underscores its literarine ss. Sethe, although refusing to look at it, embraces Amy Denvers interpretation of it as a chokecherry tree, while the narrator describes it as the decorative work of an ironsmith (17). While the scar is not so obvious as to be in the shape of a letter, it is still a form of inscription, and the impulses to interpret it as a signifier suggest its discursive quality. By whipping her, the slave master permanently inscribes her, placing the mark of his white identity on her black skin. Like the stealing of her ink, the permanent scar on her back represents the way in which inscription, or the act of writing, is integral to the hierarchy of slavery and its perpetuation.With the placement of these images of negative inscription, Morrison sets about balancing them with more positive images of inscription, accompanied by the assertion of black agency. The first of these images is Sethes infanticide, which serves to counter Schoolteachers act of stealing her ink. Interestingly, Sethes child and Morrisons work have the same name. That is, there is a deliberate conflation of Sethes and Morrisons offspring. Sethes ink, Sethes child, and Morrisons novel are all products of labor. But whereas Schoolteacher claims the product of Sethes labor (the ink) and uses it to write history, Sethe claims the product of her own labor (her child) by murdering it. Through the infanticide, Sethe controls the fate of her offspring, just as Morrison controls the fate of her characters. By killing her child, Sethe makes up for the ink that has been stolen from her, essentially writing her own discourse. Ironically, that discourse is written at the cost of a human life.In addition, Sethes infanticide is made possible only by Morrisons literal act of writing the novel. Her infanticide is a kind of writing in that it is an assertion of her agency, despite her status as an enslaved black woman. Morrisons act of writing literally allows the events of the novel to take place, but it also asserts her own identity as a free black woman on the white pages of the book. Thus, the inscription of the book is presented as a way to counter the previous acts of racial inscription that have taken place in the past.This idea of inscription as retribution for past offenses is underscored by three key ideas or images that appear in the novel: the inscription of Beloveds gravestone, the appearance of Beloveds skin, and the location of the word Beloved on the very last page. In the first few pages of the novel, Sethe recalls how Beloveds headstone was engraved. Morrison writes:there it was again. The welcoming cool of unchiseled headstones; the one she selected to lean against on tiptoe, her knees wide open as any grave. Pink as a fingernail it was, and sprinkled with glittering chips. Ten minutes, he said. You got ten minutes and Ill do it for freeTen minutes for seven letters. (4-5)The image of unchiseled headstones evokes the idea of blank pages, and the act of engra ving closely parallels Morrisons act of inscribing the novel. However, the engraving of the word Beloved on the headstone occurs as the result of a sacrifice here, Sethe must give up her body to pay for the engraving. Placed at the beginning of the novel, this symbolizes a problematic inscription; the engraving itself represents an assertion of black agency through writing, yet the act is performed only as the result of sacrifice.The description of Sethe with her knees wide open foreshadows the birth of Beloved into the novel, and her appearance helps counteract the first series of inscriptions (the scar on Sethes back and the stealing of her ink). Specifically, it is the appearance of Beloveds skin when she arrives at 124 that serves this purpose. In the first few paragraphs describing her, the narrator comments that her feet were like hands, soft and new (52) and that her skin was flawless except for three vertical scratches on her forehead so fine and thin they seemed at fir st like hair (51). Beloveds soft, new, and nearly flawless skin resembles the unchiseled headstone both images have the quality of blankness, like surfaces that await inscription. Morrisons description of Beloveds skin is cleverly self-referential; it is like a blank canvas, marked by three vertical lines, and closely resembles the pages of Beloved that await Morrisons inscription. The blankness of Beloveds skin directly opposes Sethes scarred back, and that blankness welcomes writing a more positive form of inscription than the kind that appears on her back. Again, Morrisons act of inscribing Beloved (that is, writing both the character and the novel) serves to counteract the previous instances of racial inscription that have occurred in slavery. However, the lines of Beloveds forehead suggest that inscription is still problematic, and that despite her good intentions, Morrison cannot simply heal the past through writing.Finally, the placement of the word Beloved at the very end of the novel draws attention to the novel itself, and its presence as an example of an alternative form of inscription, meant to counter the binary that Gates identifies between whiteness and writing, blackness and silence. The location of the word Beloved as the last word of the final page suggests that Morrison has re-enacted the inscription of the headstone at the beginning of the novel; in other words, Beloved remains entombed in the book. However, I would argue that although Morrison does provide a series of inscriptions the gravestone, Beloveds skin, and the novel itself as retribution for past transgressions the stealing of Sethes ink, and her chokecherry tree scar she does not mean to merely insert a black literary voice in the place of white discourse. In his essay, Gates writes, Whereas I once thought it our most important gesture to master the canon of criticism, to imitate and apply it, I now believe that we must turn to the black tradition itself to arrive a t theories of criticism indigenous to our literatures (67). While he ostensibly writes about literary criticism, he evokes larger separatist notions regarding the formation of a distinctly black literary voice. And although Morrison directly addresses Gates notions of blackness and suppression, whiteness and writing, Morrison does not share Gates sentiments on reconciling this tradition.

The Classroom Management Is Defined As A Person...

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With establishing classroom procedures that are clear, students are able to understand the expectations/goal of each class, whether the procedures are for behavior or learning objec tives students can stay consistent throughout the day or within a different class setting. Moreno argues the effectiveness of classroom strategies. i.e., , â€Å"the routines for accomplishing recurring classroom tasks such as how students will turn in homework, go to the restroom, or transition from one activity to another† (Moreno, 2011,417). In overseeing my classroom observation in an integrated English classroom, my classroom mentor Ms. Lee always enforces clear and direct classroom procedures. Before the children enter theShow MoreRelatedLesson Plan10685 Words   |  43 PagesEpisode 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Getting to Know the Classroom Routines Practice Teaching Learning Episode 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 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The Gate Keeper Interview Essay - 1357 Words

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Era of Prohibition in THe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

A Time of Grieving With its increase in organized crime, notorious icons, and unhealthy lifestyle, the Era of Prohibition represented the Roaring Twenties which F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly portrayed in The Great Gatsby. Alcoholic beverages were illegal in the Roaring Twenties, which caused many Americans to develop hidden bars or speakeasies to drink their alcoholic beverages. The number of speakeasies increased tremendously when the Prohibition Act was established. The high number of speakeasies caused organized activity to increase during the Roaring Twenties. â€Å"Speakeasies for illicit drinking sprang up, and organized crime activity increased†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hutchinson Encyclopedia). Americans during the Roaring Twenties knew that alcohol was†¦show more content†¦They became rich and powerful by providing speakeasies and others who were willing to buy their alcohol. 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Challenges Struggle and Arnold Spirit Jr Free Essays

Challenges Challenges, struggles are always a part of human life. Challenges are to test of one’s abilities. Struggle what makes people stronger physically and emotionally it’s a difficulty, conflicts that people face to be success. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges: Struggle and Arnold Spirit Jr or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not easy to accept challenges and struggle and achieve what you have been challenged for. In a novel called The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie the main character name Arnold Spirit Jr. was born in a poor Indian family and lived in a Indian reservation. Junior is a boy who wanted to do something different, different then people in his rez have ever done. His life always brings new challenges and struggled a lot. Life always brings challenges and struggles but the most important thing is how you accept challenges and struggle in order to succeed. Arnold spirit Jr. Life is began with a challenge He was born with cerebral spinal fluid and forty two teeth. Doctors said he is not going to survive or just a living object â€Å"even if I somehow survived the mini Hoover. I was supposed to suffer serious brain damage during the procedure and live the rest of his live as a vegetable† (page # 2). Due to his brain damage he had eyesight problem. But he survived he was fine a lived his live normally. He was born in a poor Indian family were they live in Indian reservation. They sometimes have to sleep empty stomach, â€Å"My family misses a meal, and sleep is the only thing we have for dinner† (page #8). One of his best friend name Oscar his pet. He lost him because he and his family didn’t have money to cure him. In spite of being poor and losing his pet Oscar he understood that his family is poor. He controlled his anger he had towards his family and him being poor. He learned and understood that it wasn’t his or his parent’s fault that they are poor. His anger level increased and he got out of control when he saw her mother’s name on his book. He had to study so old book. His teacher realizes and tells him that he is strong and he has hope in his life that he can fulfill it. He doesn’t want to live his life like others. He then decided that his life is not going to be like others in rez he then decided to study in other school to fulfill his dream and goal. One of the most important challenge in his life was when he decided to think beyond what he have thought before, No one in his family or in his rez have ever thought of doing he decided to leave his rez school and join another school where white people studies in Readan. He had to face many problems and strugg led a lot in order to go and study and be what he wants to be in life. His best and his only friend in rez Rowdy was no longer his friend. He was alone as he was the only Indian in that school. He was being bullied being called by different names in his new school as he was Indian. In spite of all his problem struggled he accepted it as a challenge. He fought with roger a student who bullied him all the time he punched him. Students started knowing him he was no longer being bullied or an unknown in school. He gained confident on himself. He started making friends. Even Roger became his friend. As he was physically weak than others he still joined basketball team were students in his team were big and tuff. It was hard for him to join the team but he did it he proved himself that he can do it. He worked hard one his selection were he had to face roger one on one in order to be selected he lost several time but he didn’t give up. His coach inspired him a lot it was him who made him strong, his advice, â€Å"The quality of a man’s life is in direct proportion to his commitment to excellence, regard less of his chosen field of endeavor† (page #148). He then started playing game so good that he became star of Readan. He lost his loves one people who he inspires and loves. He lost his grandmother his father’s friend Eugene and his sister. Their death made him upset and depressed his but he still managed to control himself and fulfill his biggest challenge. Life is not easy I believe struggle and challenges are parts of live. No matter who you are what you are life always brings challenges and struggles. Life always brings challenges and struggles but the most important thing is how you accept your challenges and struggle in order to succeed Arnold Sprit Jr. faced challenges and struggles from the day one of his life. In spite of all his problems in his life he managed and survived from all his struggle and challenges. I always knew that no matter what I have to face challenges in life as Arnold did. Many famous people in this world like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther king and Christopher Columbus accepted challenges in life and succeeded. How to cite Challenges: Struggle and Arnold Spirit Jr, Essay examples

Corporate Finance of FXZ Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance of FXZ Capital Structure. Answer: Introduction In relation to the financial calculation done, we hereby elaborate WACC in details and discuss the effect of FXZ capital structure and recommended changes in it. FXZ is a un-geared company with its capital structure highly dependent on equity share capital. It is an attempt to find out the efficiencies and deficiencies in the capital structure of the company. The capital structure basically comprises of four elements- Equity, Preference, Debt and Retained earnings. There can be various combinations of above depending upon the needs of the company. It may be different from company to company suiting to their needs and requirements. Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of capital In the given Company, the Weighted Average Cost shall be calculated for Equity and Debt. There are no preference shares in the company portfolio. The retained earnings are in negative i.e there are retained losses. Hence, we shall take the total equity mentioned in the Balance Sheet for calculation of the cost of equity. WACC: W(Ke) + W(Kd) (1-T) where W= Weight Ke Cost of equity Kd Cost of debt T Corporate Tax Rate To find out WACC, first we need to find its component : figures in `000 $ Total equity: 10,34,092 Total debt: 1,79,312 Total Finance Cost: 18,257 here Rf= 2.12% Beta: 0.77 Rm: 12.8% Cost of Equity= 2.12% + 0.77 (12.8% - 2.12%) = 10.34% Cost of Debt = Interest payment/ Interest bearing liabilities (debt) figures in `000 $ Interest Payment = 11,100 Interest Bearing Liabilities = 1,79,312 Cost of Debt = 11,100/ 1,79,312 (1-0.30) = 4.33% Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Amount in '000 $) Year 2016 Amount Proportion Cost of Weighted (%) Capital Cost Total Equity Capital 10,34,092 85.22 10.34 1,06,925.11 Debt 1,79,312 14.78 4.33 7,764.21 Total 12,13,404 100.00 1,14,689.32 figures in `000 $ WACC = Weighted Cost / Total of Equity and Debt = 1,14,689.32/ 12,13,404*100= 9.45 % The cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate of Return + Beta * (Market Rate of Return - Risk-Free Rate of Return). Judgment on the WACC of the company (FXJ) The company is well placed in terms of its capital portfolio as it is not dependent upon outside debts. The company comprises of 85.22% of total capital as equity which suggests that the company is not liable to pay fixed interest and hence it helps them to retain their profits for any other purposes like capital investment, asset purchase or payment of other liabilities (Fairfax Media, 2016). The company pays a dividend as a return on investment to its shareholder which is $ 4,59,90,000 against a total equity of $ 1,03,40,92,000 which is 4.44 % which is quite low compared to the average cost of capital which is 9.45%. In this way, the company has played a very smart move by not indulging them in any fixed interest payments. The company has not issued any preference shares as well which also suggests that there is no requirement to pay any preference dividend to its shareholders (Bloomberg, 2016). The company has not either issued any debentures as well. So it has also allowed them f rom paying debentures interest. However, there are two reasons to worry for FXZ, which are briefly explained below: The amount of retained losses is huge and ever-increasing which suggests that the company has not been run properly by the management. There are retained losses of $ (37, 20,198,000) which is a dent on companys reputation (Fairfax Media, 2016). The same was the case in the year 2015 as well where retained earnings were in negative to an extent of $ (2, 72, 55,44,000). As the company has not included any outside debt in its capital structure, the company is sure to lose tax benefits on payment of committed interest on outside liabilities and debentures (Fairfax Media, 2016). Also, the financiers do not have any say in companys decision making, unlike equity shareholders which is one of the reasons that the companys management is always under the influence of equity shareholders which shows its adverse effect in companys decision making also (Henderson et. al, 2015). Computation of gearing ratios Gearing ratio refers to an analysis of the ratio of a company's long-term debt compared to its equity share capital. It is a comparison of total debt utilized in the company against the total capital of the company. It reflects the ratio of debt to total capital or total debt against total equity capital. A high gearing ratio reflects that the company is highly dependent on debt as its capital which also says that company shall be required to pay high-interest payments to its financiers (Brealey et al, 2014). On the other hand, A low gearing ratio reflects that company is using more of equity as its source of capital. Both the situations are different and have different effects on the company workings. We shall explain this by an example: Situation no. 1 Total Debt: 100 million $ Total Equity: 500 million $ Total Capital: 600 million $ Gearing Ratio: Debt/ Equity 100/ 500 m $ = 1:5 ratio or 0.2:1 In this situation, we see that company has 20% exposure in debts in its total capital which suggests that company has not entered into any high fixed intrest payments annually. Dividend payment is not necessary hence the dividend payment potion can be retained in the company for various decisions. Situation No. 2 Total Debt : 400 million $ Total Equity: 100 million $ Total Capital: 500 million $ Gearing Ratio: Debt/ Equity = 400/ 100 = 4:1 In this situation we see that the company is highly dependent upon debt as its capital sources, it is evident that company shall be required to pay off annual interest payment to its debt holders may be its bank, debenture holders or other borrowings (Brigs, 2013). The company shall not have the option to save or retain that part of payment. The company shall have the option to pay or not pay dividends to its shareholders. Findings with reference to Capital structure As shown above, the two situations show two different capital structure mixes. Both the situations have its advantages or disadvantages respectively. It is the company strategy or company vision to use the type of the funds it wants to utilize in the company that is dividend or interest (Davies Crawford, 2010). In our recommendation, the company in its earlier years of existence should depend on equity as its mode of capital because the company initially should not want to indulge in fixed payments. On the contrary, the established companies should use debts in its capital portfolio 9 Healy et. al, 2012). The reason behind is that the established companies do not want to share their company voting rights with issuing more equity share capital. The company strategy should decide whether it should use more of debt or equity in its capital structure. An optimal capital structure is one which has a best debt-to-equity ratio for a corporate house that maximizes its market capitalization. The optimal capital structure which offers a balance between debt-to-equity and minimizes the firm's cost of capital is considered as the best capital mix (Correia et. al, 2005). The company aim should be to reduce its total cost of capital i.e. cost of utilization of capital debt, preference shares, equity should be minimum. This shall ensure that the company shall be well placed in terms of optimum capital structure. FXZ is highly un-geared and equity capital oriented company meaning that it has low debt compared to equity share capital, this is not an optimal capital structure as this does not ensure the minimum cost of capital or maximized share value. Market share price is dependent upon company financial performance (Albrecht et. al, 2011). FXZ uses high equity as its source of capital. Its gearing ratio is saved by negative retained earnings which have further reduced shareholders funds. Hence gearing ratios of FXZ are not optimal. The year 2016 has not been good for FXZ because its financial position is not so rosy for its investors . There has been huge impairment and amortization cost in this year 2016 which has an effect on its profits and accumulated losses (Deegan, 2011). Recommendation We recommend changes in company capital structure due to the high dominance of equity capital because the company is able to please its shareholders with negative retained earnings and low dividend payout. The company should borrow some long-term funds with low-interest rates also and it should try to break even or try to reduce its losses (retained losses). The company should try to issue corporate bonds with late maturity or fewer interest rates or it may issue debentures to public to raise funds. Fundraising by the company shall reduce its burden on existing capital structure and shall fuse new energy in the company. The company should also try to explore more earning avenues. The company should various optimal capital structure to find out which suits them better for their company (Brealey et. al, 2016). The company should calculate the cost of capital at different capital mixtures. Conclusion The company FXZ is in cash crunch and is running into losses, the management should seriously think about ways to pull back the company from this awful situation. The company is eating up its resources with every day like high retained losses shall finish shareholders funds and the company shall not have anything to pay back its shareholders. The company can approach its debtors and receivables to pay them fast and soon so that they may invest them and reduce their losses. The company should try to identify areas where cost cutting can be done to reduce its expenses. Budgeting is an excellent tool which can be used by the company to standardize its expenses and spend accordingly. These are some of the ways we would like to recommend to the company to improve company financial position. The company FXZ has to try to include some leverage effect to its financial statements at minimum interest rates. The company board has to bring a radical change in its capital structure by managing it s long-term capital commitments. The company should decrease its cost of capital by using an optimal capital mix. The basic aim of optimizing capital structure is to select that proportion of various forms of debts and equities mixes that maximizes the firms value while minimizing the average cost of capital. References Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. A., and Marcus, A. J. (2015). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 8th ed. Australia: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Correia, C, Mayall, P, O'Grady, B Pang, J. 2005. Corporate Financial Management, 2nd ed. Perth: Skystone Investments Pty Ltd. Henderson, S, Peirson, G, Herbohn, K, Howieson, B. (2015). Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Healy, P. M, Palepu, K. G. (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Albrecht, W, Stice, E Stice, J. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R, Myers, S. Allen, F. (2014). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Brigs, A. (2013).Financial reporting analysis. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Davies, T. Crawford, I. (2012). Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M., (2011). In Financial accounting theory. North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill Fairfax Media. (2016). Fairfax media 2016 annual report accounts. Retrieved May 22, 2017 from https://www.fairfaxmedia.com.au/ArticleDocuments/193/FAIRFAX%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Bloomberg. (2016). Australian rates and bonds. Retrieved May 22, 2017 from https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia

Guanxi free essay sample

The Chinese Cases Liang-Hung Lin ABSTRACT. Being different from the Western concept of ‘‘relationship,’’ Chinese concept of ‘‘relationship,’’ that is, guanxi profoundly in? uences Chinese society in commercial activities, business ethics, and organizational behaviors. Moreover, ? rms can develop their networks of guanxi to gain competitive advantages. Highlighting the cultural and organizational antecedents of guanxi, namely Confucianism and organizational ethical climate, this study examines the in? ence of these two antecedents on guanxi and makes comparisons of guanxi, Confucianism and organizational ethical climate between Taiwan and Mainland China. The results show that Taiwan, where preserves more Confucian culture, tends to put much emphasis on guanxi than Mainland China, especially with respect to mianzi. Concerning ethical climate, Taiwan tends to have instrumental, and law and code ethical climate. KEY WORDS: guanxi, Confucianism, organizational ethical climate Introduction Chinese guanxi has been a popular issue in the ? ld of social science since 1980. Western managers and scholars also ? nd that even though guanxi in Chinese society and ‘‘relationship’’ in Western society seem to have similar literary meaning, they are actually different in expression and result (Xin and Pearce, 1996). In Chinese society, guanxi is one of the disciplines in life and has profound in? uence on commercial activities, business ethics, and organizational behaviors. It is thus regarded as the central notion of understanding Asian society and business behaviors (Boardman and Kato, 2003; Luo, 2002). In addition, it supports two or more than two organizations dealing with resource transactions and distribution, or sustains behaviors resulting from mutual contact and interaction. Yeung and Tung (1996) pointed out that guanxi refers to a general form of social networks and has the implication of ‘‘gate/pass’’ and ‘‘connection. ’’ In other words, a network of guanxi is established in the connection between two independent bodies, the purpose of which is to promote mobility of individual or social transactions between two sides. Moreover, both sides have to be driven by bene? ts and con? rm the continuance of guanxi when doing business with each other. Guanxi is emphasized by Chinese society, in which roles and bene? ts are subtly related to each other or even dif? cult to be separated. Analyzing the effect of guanxi on modern Chinese society, Yang (1994) regarded guanxi as a key factor in driving Chinese government to operate. Moreover, people usually use guanxi to control others and distort the laws. Yan (1996) then indicated that guanxi is established by the development and maintenance of network relationships to help one get through all kinds of dif? culties in life. Kipnis (1997) even precisely pointed out that the formation of guanxi in Chinese society involves complex social and affectionate networks within peers, families, or friends and these networks consist of three elements, namely mianzi, affect and reciprocal favor. Furthermore, guanxi is one of the major dynamic characteristics in Chinese society. It not merely refers to a very special relationship between two people, but also implies an endless exchange of favors (Alston, 1989). Thus, the existence of guanxi between people usually relies on three elements: (1) sharing identities and status with others in a group or mutually having an association with the same person; (2) actual connections and frequent contact between people; and (3) getting close to someone by direct interpersonal interaction. In addition, guanxi is considered as interpersonal networks of reciprocal bonds. Liang-Hung Lin According to the above descriptions, it can be seen that interpersonal relationships in China are very abstract and are established by cultural-rooted criteria (Tsui and Farh, 1997). Xin and Pearce (1996) considered that guanxi is a general and important element of culture and society in Eastern society. At the same time, it is also the key force which promotes relationships between people or organizations. To those Chinese ? rms, guanxi is closely tied to life. The development of guanxi can be regarded as a competitive advantage to face competitions and overcome resource shortage. It thus becomes the vital source of social capital (Lin, 2007) and commercial activities in Chinese society. Concerning organizational behavior, guanxi represents informal relationships and networks which are established through favor exchanges. It roots in Chinese traditions and predominates the commercial activities in China and East Asia (Lin and Ho, 2009; Lovett et al. , 1999). Following the previous studies of guanxi, this study contributes to organizational ethical literature by answering one question: Where does guanxi come from? In order to properly elucidate guanxi in Chinese culture, this empirical study aims at highlighting the cultural and organizational antecedents of guanxi, that is, Confucianism and organizational ethical climate. The in? uences of Confucianism and organizational ethical climate on guanxi will be hypothesized and examined in the following sections. (Alexander and Rudd, 1981). While ‘‘face’’ represents an identity at individual level, mianzi in Eastern society represents a positive social value that one successfully earns from others in speci? c social interaction. It is also the self-image which is praised by society (Goffman, 1972). In their Politeness Theory, Brown and Levinson (1978) brought up two kinds of face, namely negative and positive face. While positive face refers to the need of one’s value to be accepted or praised by related people, negative face refers to the public image which represents independence and self-suf? ciency. In order to enhance and extend feasible guanxi, it is indicated that mianzi must be maintained to a certain degree (Yeung and Tung, 1996). Park and Luo (2001) suggested that mianzi represents the social trend and imagined individual status which are in? enced by one’s social status and actual wealth. As long as strong mianzi is earned, one can take control of dynamics in social networks. In China, mianzi denotes one’s public image which is built by certain social roles and it deeply in? uences Chinese social life. Thus, ‘‘saving mianzi’’ closely relates to self-e steem. In Chinese society, if one loses mianzi, one cannot have a foothold or even live in society. In sum, mianzi is the key element of Chinese relationship dynamics and indicates a social status or reputation that one earns from his/her achievements in society. The exercise of mianzi can be viewed as a kind of impression management, being deliberately manipulated by an individual in order to create a particular impression on others. In other words, mianzi involves one’s status in Chinese social networks, the possibility to be accepted by society, as well as the special power one can enjoy. Thus, mianzi is important to one individual. Affect Yang (1994) considered affect as a type of social resource, which has the function of leverage in interpersonal transactions. This social resource includes not only the speci? aspect of money or commercial goods, but also the abstract aspect of emotion, showing one’s informal social responsibility toward partners. In the exchange of resources, ‘‘judgment of guanxi’’ is the major concern by Chinese (Hwang, 1987). Moreover, when one develops a network of guanxi in which affect is involved, one is at the same time constrained by this Literature review Characteristics of guanxi Based on Kipnis (1997), guanxi involves mianzi, affect and reciprocal favor, which are the characteristics of guanxi. Mianzi Not merely the product in Asian collective culture, mianzi is actually the concept generally existing in all cultures (Pharr, 1989). However, the extent to which mianzi is concerned, its external performance and its criteria for judgment between Western and Eastern society are very different (Brown and Levinson, 1978; Ho, 1976). In Western society, the concept of mianzi is close to that of ‘‘face,’’ referring to one person’s identity in a particular situation Cultural and Organizational Antecedents of Guanxi network. In Chinese society where guanxi and the exchange of guanxi are emphasized, affect is usually used by Chinese to maintain their guanxi with others (Hwang, 1987) and the criteria of guanxi exchange relies on the situation whether it abides by affect. Once one receives affect from others, even if it is paid back afterward, the complex of affect being given is still there. This concept of affect thus makes guanxi be seen as a long-term investment by Chinese society. Reciprocal favor Reciprocity in Western networks means that two sides must take the same value and reciprocate equally to each other. All the exchanges are in pursuit of the balance between costs and bene? ts (Powell and Goulet, 1996). The study by Park and Luo (2001) showed that in the principle of reciprocity, guanxi should be reciprocal. However, in Chinese society, it is reciprocal in the maintenance of guanxi, but not always in bene? ts (Jacobs, 1979). Hwang (1987) indicated that inter-reciprocity and inter-dependency of the corresponding roles make interpersonal guanxi a symbiotic system, in which guanxi of both sides is complementary instead of being equal. After adding affect and guanxi to reciprocal favor, originally simple behaviors of exchange has a subtle change. Moreover, the major concept of reciprocal favor lies in the consistency in quality, but not in quantity. Concerning the time of reciprocity, while reciprocal favor in Western society is considered to be immediate, short-term, or discharged within a certain period of time (Tsui and Farh, 1997), that in Chinese society involves ‘‘be my teacher for a day, be my teacher for a lifetime,’’ that is, the concept of lifetime reciprocity, or even reciprocity in afterlife, if one thinks favors are too great to be discharged in this life. Tsui and Farh (1997) considered that behaviors of reciprocal favor derive from affect, which implies an ideal network of guanxi. If one ignores the commitment of reciprocal favor, one will feel losing mianzi or even jeopardize his/her social networks. relations at that time, he thus devoted himself to developing Confucian doctrine, the ultimate concern of which was to establish order in society. In the doctrine, wu-lun not only established social rules, values, and hierarchical power structure, but also formed factional networks, all of which have profound in? uence on follow-up Chinese culture. Therefore, connections between people are usually emphasized above formal requirements and legal regulations (Luo, 1997). Confucians claim that when socializing with others, one should judge his/her role relation with others by two cognitive dimensions, namely closeness and pecking order. While closeness refers to having a near or distant relation, pecking order refers to having an inferior or superior status between individuals. After the judgment of these two dimensions, paying respect to those whom they honored is the sense of benevolence and serving those who are dear to them is the sense of righteousness. As for the sense of decorum, it is the differential reaction which is made based on the relative degrees of natural affection and the relative grades of honor we have toward others. When this structure is carried out upon one speci? c role, Confucians then further make different requirements in accordance with different role in guanxi. Therefore, ‘‘between father and son, there should be affection; between sovereign and minister, righteousness; between husband and wife, attention to their separate functions; between old and young, a proper order; and between riends, ? delity’’ (Mencius/Teng Wen Gong I), in which guanxi between father and son, sovereign and minister, husband and wife, old and young, and friends, are called wu-lun in Confucianism and each guanxi should be established on the basis of benevolence. It should be also noticed that except for guanxi between friends, the other four contain a vertical differential relation between inferior and superio r. Being in? uenced by the tradition of Confucian culture, guanxi in a family can be considered as the most important one in Chinese society. Hwang (1987) even argued that familism is one of the most important characteristics in Chinese culture and also the basis of Chinese organizations. Park and Luo (2001) used the metaphor of spider web to describe Chinese social networks, where self is located in the center of networks and put others in a near or distant position of irregularly concentric circles, depending on the intimacy in between. On Confucianism and guanxi Confucius was born in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (551–479 BC). Witnessing the con? icts of human Liang-Hung Lin the one hand, the concept of ‘‘locating self in the center’’ shows the characteristic of autism. On the other hand, others who are put in different circles will be treated differently. In his study of principles, philosophy, and meaning of guanxi, Luo (1997) suggested that guanxi is one of the major dynamics in Chinese society, being involved in or surrounded by general commercial activities. Moreover, its networks are the life blood of social macroeconomics and individual commercial activities. Thus, guanxi is generally regarded as one of the decisive factors in the business performance. Yeung and Tung (1996) studied the relation between guanxi and ? nancial performance of 19 ? rms in Mainland China and the results showed that if one ? rm wants to have a longterm success in Chinese society, guanxi plays an important role. Also, they indicated that guanxi is established in the connection between two independent bodies, the purpose of which is to promote the ? ow of individuals or social transactions. Both sides have to be driven by bene? ts, con? ming the continuance of guanxi in the process of transactions. Lovett et al. (1999) proposed that when technology is stable but environment changes rapidly, commercial transactions often depend on one’s guanxi instead of formal contracts. Chinese sense of guanxi integrates things both possible and impossible to be calculated and uses the weighted concept to depict the qualitative change process of integration. Therefore, guan xi can be seen as affections weighting bene? ts, the qualitative change process through combination of speci? c affections and general bene? s, producing a fermentative connection effect between people. The formation of this ‘‘affections weighting bene? ts’’ relies on the weighted effect. The term ‘‘weighted’’ in the formation of guanxi here refers to a similar to qualitative changing and fermentative reaction in chemistry. In Confucianism, guanxi is a kind of cultural logic, that is, considering guanxi as the performance of Confucian cultural essence and seeing this logic as the cultural essence of Chinese society in Greater China, including Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and so on (Cheung and Chan, 2005). Confucianism is also described as long-term orientation which refers to ‘‘the acceptance of the legitimacy of hierarchy and the valuing of perseverance and thrift, all without undue emphasis on tradition and social obligations which could impede business initiative’’ (Franke et al. , 1991, p. 167). High Confucian dynamism characterizes individuals who tend to put more emphasis on future oriented Confucian teachings (Yeh and Lawrence, 1995). In the aspect of short-term orientation, guanxi can immediately provide an individual access to the means of private pro? s and substitute a formal organization in order to support and reduce external threats and uncertainty. Nevertheless, in his application of resource-based theory to the analysis of guanxi network, Tsang (1998) argued that if guanxi network does not possess its own value, scarcity, and the characteristic of not being able to be completely imitated, it basically cannot provide any competitive advantages to enterprises. Moreover, these characteristics require correct detection and long-term cultivation of guanxi. Thus, the maintenance of guanxi needs long-term efforts of affection, trust, commitment and mutual bene? t investment. The idea of ‘‘long-term orientation’’ referring to longterm maintenance and cultivation of guanxi network is also supported by Tsang (1998). In order to strengthen guanxi, long-term investment of time in building affections by both sides is required. Yeung and Tung (1996) also mentioned that long-term interaction of bene? ts can establish dependency between two independent bodies within guanxi. Based on the above discussions, this study argues that in order to strengthen the value of guanxi and continue its development, the establishment of guanxi depends on not merely individually active efforts, but also long-term investment in maintaining mutual affections, trust, commitment, and reciprocal behaviors. In this way, guanxi can thus become an ef? cient operating mechanism, using the information transmitted by networks of guanxi to achieve effective economic purposes. Thus, this study proposes: H1: Confucianism positively in? uences guanxi. Organizational ethical climate and guanxi Chinese ethics emphasize relativity and business ethics are established in the general principles of Chinese ethics. Tsui and Farh (1997) were of the opinion that guanxi indicates the objectively Cultural and Organizational Antecedents of Guanxi common background or common experience between individuals. It also implies the differential treatment in interpersonal interaction. Concerning guanxi bases among members in a group, because they have different intensity and depth in interaction, guanxi bases and the centrality of interactive networks should have a positive relation. Different guanxi bases here refer to different guanxi elements of affectivity, normality, and instrumentality. Moreover, responsibility, unequal status and resources, and the concept of favor and reciprocation are also different. In addition, in the studies concerning business ethics and organizational behaviors, scholars argued that business ethical climate can actually be built. Victor and Cullen (1988) were thus of the opinion that although there exists a major climate type in an organization, it is impossible to have only a single type. Instead, ethical climate types differ according to different industrial properties and transactions. Furthermore, they categorized organizational ethical climate into ? ve dimensions. The ? rst one is caring ethical climate, emphasizing care and kindness in the interactive process between ? rm and individuals. Whether a ? rm cares about the bene? ts of its employees is included in this dimension. In a ? rm with instrumental ethical climate, employees, on the one hand, tend to pursue their own bene? ts. On the other hand, they are expected to enhance ? rm’s bene? ts without worrying about any consequences. A ? rm with independence ethical climate respects and allows its employees to perform based on their moral standards. Moreover, it pays attention to employees’ ability of distinguishing right from wrong and their own ethical policy without being in? uenced by others inside and outside the organization. In other words, employees tend to put emphasis on and develop their own guanxi in this climate. The fourth dimension of ethical climate is law and code. A ? rm with this climate expects its employees to comply with the laws or the professional ethics above any other considerations. In other words, employees’ behaviors are guided by the laws. Finally, if a ? rm has rules ethical climate, the rules and operating procedures are norms which are emphasized. In ? rms with the last two ethical climates, employees tend to de-emphasize and weaken their guanxi. Sinclair (1993) thought that organizational ethical climate in ? rms is one of the most important factors which in? uence ethical behaviors of employees. Thus, if one can understand the relationships between business ethical climate and ethical behaviors, one will know how to manage them. Wimbush and Shepard (1994) also argued that employees’ behaviors will change if business ethical climate changes. In view of serious damages to ? rms and society from unethical behaviors, managers can prevent employees from performing unethically through changing business ethical climate in ? rms. Furthermore, the formation of business ethics can help organizations establish ethical norms, making employees not only understand correctly ethical behaviors and ethical issues, but also have common cognition in prevention of unethical behaviors. Based on the above arguments, this study proposes: H2: H2a: H2b: H2c: H2d: H2e: Organizational ethical climate in? uences guanxi. Caring ethical climate positively in? uences guanxi. Instrumental ethical climate positively in? uences guanxi. Independent ethical climate positively in? uences guanxi. Law and code ethical climate negatively in? uences guanxi. Rules ethical climate negatively in? uences guanxi. Method Sample and data analysis method This empirical study examines the in? uences of Confucianism and organizational ethical climate on guanxi. Data ere collected from questionnaires of individuals with at least 1 year work experience in Peking, Shanghai, Nanking, Sian (big cities in China), Kaohsiung, and Taipei (big cities in Taiwan) from August to December in 2009. At ? rst, 250 questionnaires were distributed to Taiwan and 250 to Mainland China. After eliminating 30 invalid questionnaires, this study yields a sample of 470 questionnaires with 94% response rate. 49% of the re spondents are male and 51% of them are female. As for individual ages, 38% of the respondents are under 25, 33% of them are in the ages ranged from 26 to Liang-Hung Lin 35, 19% of them are in the ages ranged from 36 to 45, and 10% of them are in the ages above 46. Concerning educational background, the majority of the respondents have a bachelor degree (38%), 24% a college degree, 30% a high school diploma or under, and 8% a master or doctorate degree. As for capital, the majority of the respondents are in private ? rms (46%), 20% are in state-run ? rms, 22% are in foreign ventures, and 12% are in joint ventures. Variable de? nition and measure Dependent variable The dependent variable in this study is guanxi. Its aspects are based on the de? nition by Hwang (1987), Kipnis (1997), and Lee and Dawes (2005), considering that Chinese guanxi refers to the interaction between people and involves mianzi, reciprocal favor and affect: (1) mianzi: referring to individual behaviors which conform to social expectations, or respect, dignity and public image which are earned by one’s achievements in society. (2) Reciprocal favor: members in a group help each other when needed and favors can be repaid by reciprocation. (3) Affect: associations between people rely on long-term continuity. Guanxi in this study is divided into three dimensions: mianzi (4 items, a = 0. 75), affect (2 items, a = 0. 78), and reciprocal favor (2 items, a = 0. 81). Question items of Guanxi Questionnaire (GQ) are designed with a 5-point Likert-type scale to know how employees care about mianzi (e. g. , the more respect we receive from others, the more mianzi we have); how employees enhance affect with business partners (e. g. , my business partners will sometimes give me gifts or souvenirs); how employees regard their business partners (e. g. I genuinely regard my business partners as good friends) (Lee and Dawes, 2005). Independent variables Independent variables, in this study, are Confucianism and organizational ethical climate. Based on two studies concerning cross-cultural valuing systems, namely Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 1980) and the national Rokeach’s Value Survey (Ng et al. , 1982), Hofstede and Bond (1988) developed Chinese Values Survey (CVS) to examin e cultural values in 22 Asian and Western nations from a perspective of Chinese social values. In CVS, Confucianism as long-term orientation was found to boost the performance of national economics. This dimension, which represents a form of Confucian philosophy, comprises six 5-point Likert-type items, including ‘‘I am always careful not to do anything inappropriate,’’ ‘‘I never forget my goals even in the face of adversity,’’ ‘‘I avoid offending others,’’ and ‘‘I respect elders. ’’ This dimension has an a value of 0. 78. In measuring organizational ethical climate, this study uses a modi? ation of Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ) (Victor and Cullen, 1988) to ask respondents to rate the importance of ? ve ethical climate dimensions, caring (7 items, a = 0. 77), law and code (4 items, a = 0. 81), rules (4 items, a = 0. 74), instrumental (7 items, a = 0. 75), and independence (4 items, a = 0. 75) on a 5-point Likert-type scale to measure individual perceptions of ethical t houghts. The caring ethical type includes high factor loading items such as ‘‘The good of all the individuals in the ? m should be the main priority’’ and ‘‘Efforts should be made to maximize the bene? t of others. ’’ The law and code type of ethics includes high factor loading items such as ‘‘Individuals should comply with the law and professional standards over and above other considerations’’ and ‘‘The law or ethical code of their profession should be the main consideration for working individuals. ’’ Rules type of ethical climate includes items such as ‘‘Individuals should follow ? rm rules and procedures’’ and ‘‘Everyone should follow the ? m rules and procedures. ’’ The instrumental type includes items such as ‘‘Individuals should do whatever is necessary to further ? rm interests, regardless of the consequences ’’ and ‘‘Individuals should protect their own interests above all else. ’’ The independence ethical type includes items such as ‘‘Firm employees should decide for themselves what is right and wrong’’ and ‘‘Firm employees should follow their own personal and moral beliefs. ’’ Control variables Control variables include three parts. Firstly, demographic variables: gender (male, female), age Cultural and Organizational Antecedents of Guanxi (under 25, 26–35, 36–45, and above 46 years old), educational background (senior high school or under, college, university, and master or doctor program), previously accumulated work seniority (1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and above 20 years). Secondly, capital variables: state-run ? rms, private ? rms, joint ventures, and foreign ventures. Finally, environment variables: residence in Taiwan or in Mainland China. Reliability and validity of variables The questionnaire of this study, guanxi Questionnaire (GQ), is designed based on Lee and Dawes (2005), the scale of which was revised by Hwang (1987) and Kipnis (1997), Confucianism is based on national culture scale by Hofstede and Bond (1988) and Franke et al. (1991), and ECQ is designed based on Victor and Cullen (1988). After analyzing each dimension, items with factor points under 0. 6 are deleted, and the rest of the items are then named, respectively. As for guanxi, overall coef? cient is 0. 80, and Cronbach’s a in each dimension is all higher than 0. 75. As for ECQ, overall Cronbach’s a is 0. 79, and Cronbach’s a in each dimension is all higher than 0. 74. In sum, the variable dimensions in this study are in the range of effective reliability. Thus, the questionnaires of this study are revised from previous questionnaires with similar topic and based on literature, reasoning and theoretical background of which has reached certain degree of stability and internal consistence. To conclude, the questionnaires of this study are not only comprised of theory base, but also content validity. Analysis and result Table I shows descriptive statistics for variables.